Experiments to Discover the Cause of Yellow Fever

Aristides Agramonte, Jesse Lazear, and James Carroll (l.-r.) in Cuba, August 1900. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1806-1995, Box-folder 76:5. Historical Collections, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia.

George Sternberg ordered the members of the Commission to report to the Columbia Barracks Hospital outside of Havana, Cuba, in June of 1900. Their first task was to determine if a species of bacteria called Bacillus icteroides was the cause of yellow fever, and in the event that it was not, then they were then to analyze blood and intestinal flora from yellow fever cases to determine other possible causes. [1] In 1897, Italian scientist Giuseppe Sanarelli argued that Bacillus icteroides was the cause of yellow fever, and soon after, researchers Eugene Wasdin and Henry D. Geddings claimed to have confirmed Sanarelli’s discovery in Cuba. Sternberg and Reed, who had both studied the relationship of the bacteria to yellow fever, disagreed with these claims and wanted to gather conclusive evidence to refute Sanarelli, Wasdin, and Geddings. [2]

Bacillus icteroides and other bacteriological sampling dominated the work of the Commission for the first months. “Reed and Carroll have been at that for a long time,” Lazear wrote with some impatience to his wife on August 23, “. . . I would rather try to find the germ without bothering about Sanarelli.” [3] Again and again, tests for the bacteria proved negative, and at the same time, perplexing cases of yellow fever were developing in the region. Agramonte and Reed investigated an epidemic at Pinar del Rio, 110 miles southwest of Havana; Lazear followed later to collect more specimens, and he also assessed the situation at Guanjay thirty miles southwest. To “my very great surprise,” Reed admitted, the specific circumstances of the appearance and development of these cases gave strong evidence against the widely-accepted notion that the excreta of patients spread the disease. The theory of fomites — infection from contaminated clothing and bedding — and indeed even infection from airborne particles seemed altogether untrue. “At this stage of our investigation,” Reed concluded, “. . . the time had arrived when the plan of our work should be radically changed.” [4] The fundamental question underwent a subtle but critical transformation: from what causes yellow fever to what transmits it. A clear and accurate understanding of how the disease was spread would open a new avenue to its specific cause.

A recent discovery made by Henry Rose Carter, of the U.S. Marine Hospital Service, provided the Commission with a critical lead in their new investigation. In 1898, Carter, while stationed in Mississippi, observed that it took approximately 10 to 17 days for yellow fever to spread from one person to another. This suggested to Carter that an intermediate host was the vector for yellow fever. [5] Shortly after he made this observation, Carter was reassigned to Cuba, where he came into contact with Jesse Lazear. Carter shared his unpublished observations with Jesse Lazear, and he argued that his findings suggested that Carlos Finlay’s theory could be correct and Finlay’s experiments may have been inconclusive because he did not take into account the possibility of an incubation period. [6]

Review of Troops at Camp Columbia, 1900. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1806-1995. Box-folder 90:6. Historical Collections, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia.

Evidence gathering around them pointed strongly to an intermediate host, and the Commission resolved to test Carlos Finlay’s mosquito theory — then not generally accepted — on human volunteers. Nine times from August 11 to August 25, 1900, mosquitoes landed on the arms of volunteers and proceeded to feed. Nine times the results were negative. On August 27, Lazear placed a mosquito on the doubting Dr. Carroll, and four days later on William J. Dean, a soldier designated XY in the “Preliminary Note.” [7] Both promptly developed yellow fever. Significantly, their mosquitoes had fed on cases within the initial three days of an attack and had been allowed to ripen for at least twelve days before the inoculations. Carroll undermined the results of his experimental sickness by traveling away from the semi-secluded army post to Havana. Critics of the mosquito theory could argue that Carroll had been infected in the city, where the disease was endemic, by other means.  Even so, Reed, ecstatic, wrote from Washington in a confidential letter: “Did the Mosquito do it?” [8] Dean’s case seemed to prove it, since he claimed not to have left the garrison before becoming ill. Lazear also developed a case of yellow fever, almost certainly experimental in origin, though he never revealed the actual circumstances of his inoculation. His severe bout of fever took a fatal turn on September 25, 1900.

Jesse W. Lazear, circa 1900. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1806-1995. Box-folder 94:15.  Historical Collections, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia.

These results could not have been more dramatic or convincing for the Commission. Reed quickly assembled a “Preliminary Note,” which he presented to the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis, Indiana on October 23, 1900. [9] After initial consultations in Cuba with General Leonard Wood, military governor of the island, and with Surgeon General Sternberg in Washington, Reed returned to Cuba with authorization and funding to design and carry forward a fully defensible series of experiments. His aim was confirmation of the mosquito theory and invalidation of the long-held belief in fomites. [10]

Mosquitoes and Blood Transmit Yellow Fever

On open terrain beyond the precincts of Columbia Barracks — the American military base just west of Havana near the adjacent suburban towns of Quemados and Marianao (also called Quemados de Marianao) — Reed established a quarantined experimental station. Camp Lazear, as the Commission dedicated it, took form in the rolling fields of the Finca San Jose, on the farm of Dr. Ignacio Rojas, who leased the land to the Americans. [11] Here the Army built two small wood-frame buildings for the experimental work, and nearby a group of tents was raised for the accommodation and support of the volunteers.

Camp Lazear went into quarantine the day of its completion, November 20, 1900, with a command of four immune and nine non-immune individuals, all save one, U.S. Army personnel. Soon a group of recent Spanish immigrants to Cuba augmented the non-immune numbers, bringing the resident total to about twenty. [12] Reed strictly controlled access to the camp and ordered regular temperature recording for each volunteer to eliminate any unanticipated source of infection and to identify the onset of any case of yellow fever as early as possible. As a result, non-immunes were barred from returning should they leave the precinct, and two of the Spaniards who developed intermittent fevers shortly after arrival were immediately transferred with their baggage to Columbia Barracks Hospital. [13] The immune members of the detachment oversaw medical treatments and drove the teams of mules that pulled supply wagons and the ambulance. Experimentation did not begin until each volunteer had passed the incubation period for yellow fever in perfect health. [14]

Composite Sketch of Camp Lazear, undated. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1806-1995. Box-folder 90:24. Historical Collections, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia.

The Commission’s mosquito experiments proceeded in several series. First, Reed sought to demonstrate that mosquitoes of the variety Culex fasciata (later called Stegomyia fasciata, and later still Aedes aegypti) could in fact transmit yellow fever, as Carlos J. Finlay had argued and the initial experiments at Camp Columbia strongly suggested. Here the Commission members simply applied infected mosquitoes contained in test tubes or jars to the skin of several volunteers. The first inoculations of four volunteers over a period of two weeks proved disconcertingly negative each time. Then, on December 5, 1900, private John R. Kissinger presented his arm to the mosquitoes, and late in the evening on December 8, suffered the first chills of “a well-marked attack of yellow fever.” Three more men in rapid succession fell victim to the insects — Spanish volunteers Antonio Benigno, Nicanor Fernandez, and Vicente Presedo. [15]

“It can readily be imagined,” Reed empathetically and wryly described in his first presentation of the experiments, “that the concurrence of 4 cases of yellow fever in our small command of 12 nonimmunes within the space of 1 week, while giving rise to feelings of exultation in the hearts of the experimenters, in view of the vast importance attaching to these results, might inspire quite other sentiments in the bosoms of those who had previously consented to submit themselves to the mosquito’s bite. In fact, several of our good-natured Spanish friends who had jokingly compared our mosquitoes to ‘the little flies that buzzed harmlessly about their tables,’ suddenly appeared to lose all interest in the progress of science, and, forgetting for the moment even their own personal aggrandizement, incontinently severed their connection with Camp Lazear. Personally, while lamenting to some extent their departure, I could not but feel that in placing themselves beyond our control they were exercising the soundest judgment.” [16]

After establishing that yellow fever can be transmitted by a mosquito, the Yellow Fever Commission conducted another experiment to determine if the disease could be conveyed by blood injection and to conclusively show that Bacillus icteroides was not the cause of yellow fever. Four non-immune volunteers were given subcutaneous injections of blood taken from a patient suffering from yellow fever and then tested for Bacillus icteroides. Three of the volunteers caught yellow fever, suggesting to the Commission that yellow fever could be conveyed by either injection or mosquito. All of the volunteers tested negative for Bacillus icteroides, which conclusively invalidated Sanarelli’s claim about the bacteria. [17]

Yellow Fever Not Transmitted by Fomites

Building No. 1 (Fomites Building, at Camp Lazear, February 1901. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1806-1995. Box-folder 90:12. Historical Collections, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia.

Next the Yellow Fever Commission wanted to conduct an experiment to determine if yellow fever could be transmitted by fomites. For this experiment, Walter Reed designed two wood frame buildings, each 14 by 20 feet in size. The buildings faced each other across a small swale, about 80 yards apart, and stood 75 yards from the tent encampment. Building Number One, called the Infected Clothing Building, was a single room tightly constructed to contain as much foul air as possible. A small stove kept the temperature and humidity at tropical levels, and carefully attached screening secured the pair of doorways in a vestibule against intrusion by mosquitoes. Wooden blinds on two small sealed windows shielded the room from direct sun. Building Number Two, the Infected Mosquito Building, contained a principal room, divided into two sections by a floor-to-ceiling wire mesh screen. A door direct to the exterior led into one section, while a vestibule with a solid exterior door and pair of successive screened doors opened to the other, so configured to keep infected mosquitoes inside that section alone. The spare furnishings in both sections — cots with bedding — were steam sterilized. Windows exposed the entire room to the clean, steady ocean breezes and to sunlight. Like the doorways, they were carefully screened. A secondary room attached to the building but not communicating with the experimental spaces sheltered the small, heated laboratory where the Commission members raised and stored the mosquitoes to be used. [18]

These two experimental buildings presented alternate environments — one conspicuously clean and well ventilated, the other filthy and fetid. Contemporary theories of disease held that yellow fever developed in unclean conditions, and consequently much time and money had been devoted to sanitation projects. Workers steamed clothing, burned sulphur in ships’ holds, and thoroughly scrubbed surfaces with disinfectant. In cases of severe epidemic, entire buildings presumed to be infected were set afire along with their contents. Thus the extraordinary — and intentional — paradox of the Commission’s experimental regime: Reed expected yellow fever to develop not in the unsanitary environment, but in the one thought to be most healthful.

Reed took as much care with the design of the experimental protocol as he had with the configuration of the buildings. Each evening, the occupants of the Infected Clothing Building unpacked trunks and boxes of bed linens and blankets, nightshirts and other clothing recently worn and soiled by cases from the wards of Columbia Barracks Hospital and Las Animas Hospital in Havana. These they shook out and spread around the room to permeate the atmosphere. [19] The stench was overpowering. Yellow fever causes severe internal hemorrhaging, and its unfortunate victims often suffer from black vomit and other bloody discharges. One routine delivery proved so putrid the volunteers “retreated from the house,” Reed stated. “They pluckily returned, however, within a short time, and spent the night as usual.” [20] In two succeeding trials the protocol became progressively more daring, as the volunteers then wore the clothing and slept on the mattresses used by yellow fever patients, and finally put towels on their bedding smeared with blood drawn from cases in the early stages of an attack. Each morning, the volunteers carefully repacked the rank, encrusted materials into boxes and emerged to an adjacent tent where they spent the day quarantined from the rest of the company. [21] Three trials of twenty days each involved seven men altogether, led by Robert P. Cooke, a physician in the Army Medical Corps. [22] None developed yellow fever.

Walter Reed’s sketch of Building Number 2 at Camp Lazear (Mosquito Building), circa December 25, 1900. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection 1806-1995. Box-folder 22:57. Historical Collections, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia.

The Infected Mosquito Building, Building Number Two, required two groups of volunteers, one to be inoculated and another to serve as controls. “Loaded” mosquitoes, as the men called them, were released into the screened section of Building Two — on the side with the protected vestibule entry. One or more non-immune men then entered the opposite section of the room through the direct exterior door, and lay down on bunks adjacent to the wire mesh screen in the center of the room. Then the young man to be inoculated walked through the vestibule into the mosquito side of the room and proceeded to lie on a bunk adjacent to the wire screen separating him from the controls. The inoculation volunteer remained in the building for about twenty minutes — enough time to suffer several mosquito bites — he then exited to a quarantine tent outside. The controls spent the remainder of the evening and night in the uninfected side of the room, and indeed returned to sleep in the room for as many as eighteen more nights. [23] As Reed stated, the continued absence of yellow fever in the controls showed “that the essential factor in the infection of a building with yellow fever is the presence therein of [infected] mosquitoes,” and nothing more. [24] The degree of sanitation, so long considered critical, was utterly irrelevant.

Mosquitoes Need Incubation Period to Infect Humans

The final experiment at Camp Lazear confirmed what Henry Rose Carter called the “period of extrinsic incubation,” [25] the length of time required for secondary cases of yellow fever to develop after an initial intrusion of the disease into a locality. In this series of experiments, a single volunteer underwent three successive inoculations by the same mosquitoes, each group of inoculations interrupted by a period of time equal in length to the typical incubation period of the disease in humans, about five days. [26] In this manner, the volunteer’s illness could be specifically attributed to a single inoculation group. The use of the same mosquitoes and the same volunteer concurrently demonstrated that no peculiar personal immunity was at play, since logic dictates that a person susceptible to yellow fever on day 17 of a mosquito’s contamination — as happened in the experiment — could not have been immune to yellow fever on day 11 or day 4. It was thus only the mosquito’s capacity to infect which changed, and that occurred no less than 11 days after contamination. [27]

The duration of time over which these “fully ripened” mosquitoes remained infective comprised the fourth series of experiments. For this series, the Commission kept alive a group of infected mosquitoes for as long as possible, and proceeded to inoculate three volunteers — on the 39th, 51st, and 57th day after contamination. Each developed yellow fever. A fourth volunteer declined to be bitten on day 65, and the last two mosquitoes of the group, “deprived of further opportunity to feed on human blood,” expired on day 69 and day 71, clear evidence that even a sparsely populated region may retain the potential for new infections more than two months after the first appearance of the disease. [28]

Altogether, the mosquito inoculations and the blood injections produced fourteen cases of yellow fever. All made a full recovery. [29]

Walter Reed and Informed Consent

Personnel of the Camp Columbia Hospital, September 1900. Much of the personnel shown here assisted in the Yellow Fever Commission experiments. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection 1806-1995. Historical Collections. Box-folder 76:93. Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia.

The question of human experimentation was indeed a serious one — unavoidable, in actuality, as Reed had stated the previous summer to Surgeon General Sternberg. [30] When the Commission first considered a trial of Finlay’s mosquito theory, Reed, Carroll, and Lazear agreed to experiment on themselves. Agramonte, a native Cuban, had acquired immunity as a child. Doubtless Finlay’s experience of many unsuccessful inoculations communicated that positive results would not be forthcoming rapidly, so before the first series of inoculations began under Lazear’s direction at Columbia Barracks, Reed returned to Washington to spend time on other work. [31] Carroll and Lazear both sickened while Reed was in Washington, and Lazear, young and strong, had no reason to anticipate that his case would be fatal. Reed was shocked at Lazear’s death, and because of his own age — 49, a decade and a half older than Lazear and a dozen years older than Carroll — he resolved not to inoculate himself when he returned to Cuba on October 4, 1900. [32]

That initial series of mosquito inoculations was probably accomplished without formal documentation of informed consent. Indeed, the experiments may also have been carried forward without the full knowledge of the commanding officer of Camp Columbia, and Reed consequently shielded the identity of Private William J. Dean, the second positive experimental case, behind the pseudonym “XY” in the “Preliminary Note.” [33] For the experiments at Camp Lazear, Reed tried to address concerns in the Cuban press about U.S. experimentation on their citizens and recent immigrants from Spain by obtaining prior support from appropriate authorities in the military and the administration.[34] With the advice of the Commission and others, he also drafted what is now one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents. The surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations, and were signed by volunteers Antonio Benigno and Vicente Presedo, and a third with the mark of Nicanor Fernandez, who was illiterate. [35]

The documents take the form of a contract between individual volunteers and the Commission, represented by Reed. At least 25 years old, each volunteer explicitly consented to participate, and balanced the certainty of contracting yellow fever in the general population against the risks of developing an experimental case, followed by expert and timely medical care. The volunteers agreed to remain at Camp Lazear for the duration of the experiments, and as a reward for participation would receive $100 “in American gold,” with an additional hundred-dollar supplement for contracting yellow fever. These payments could be assigned to a survivor, in the case of the participant’s death, and the volunteers agreed to forfeit any remuneration in cases of desertion. [36]

John J. Moran, circa 1900. Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection, 1806-1995. Box-folder 80:38. Historical Collections, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia.

For the American participants no consent documents appear to survive, though in contemporary letters Reed assured his correspondents that the Commission obtained written consent from all the volunteers. [37] The record of expenses for Camp Lazear — maintained by Reed’s friend and colleague in the Medical Corps, Jefferson Randolph Kean — indicates that the same schedule of payments for participation and sickness applied to the Americans as well. Volunteers who participated in the fomites tests, the later series of blood injections, and the single trial of an alternative species of mosquito also earned $100 each plus the $100 supplement if yellow fever developed. [38] Two Americans declined compensation, Dr. Robert P. Cooke, of the fomites tests, and John J. Moran, who had recently received an honorable discharge from the service, and was the only American civilian to participate. [39] His was the fourth case of yellow fever to develop from mosquito inoculation. Moran eventually settled in Cuba, where he managed the Havana offices of the Sun Oil Company, and late in life became a close friend of Philip S. Hench. Together the two men rediscovered the site of Camp Lazear in 1940 — Building Number One still intact — and successfully lobbied the Cuban government to memorialize there the work of Finlay and the American Commission in the conquest of yellow fever. [40]

The Yellow Fever Commission Disbands

Reed informally commemorated his own experiences at Camp Lazear by commissioning a group photograph, evidently taken there shortly before he left Cuba in February 1901. A more important event occurred on the sixth of that month when Reed presented the results of the Camp Lazear yellow fever experiments to a great ovation at the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana. Three days later he set sail for the United States, and, once landed, drafted the Congress paper as “The Etiology of Yellow Fever — An Additional Note,” published immediately in the Journal of the American Medical Association. [41]

Though his correspondence intimates a great appreciation for Cuba, Reed never returned to the warm, sunny shores of the island freed of a dreadful plague. Carroll stayed behind at Camp Lazear through February to complete the last experimental series officially bearing the imprimatur of the Yellow Fever Commission, and returned to Washington soon after March first. [42] The Medical Corps retained the lease on Camp Lazear against the possibility of continuing experiments another season, and Carroll, in fact, returned to Havana in August 1901 for a final experimental series, though he did not make use of Camp Lazear. [43] This work involved at least three volunteers at Las Animas Hospital, Havana, who submitted to blood injections. Carroll’s assignment aimed at a greater understanding of the yellow fever agent, and he proved that blood drawn from active cases of yellow fever remained virulent even after passing through fine bacteria filters. In addition, by heating contaminated blood which had previously caused cases of yellow fever, Carroll rendered it non-infective — thereby establishing that this non-filterable entity, though sub-microscopic, was demonstrably present in the bloodstream. Carroll wrapped up the series in October and returned home. [44] In Cuba, J. Randolph Kean made the last rental payments to Signore Rojas on October 9, 1901, and Camp Lazear, for more than a generation, slipped out of the realm of memory. [45]

The post The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba appeared first on U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.

U.S. troops entering Havana, Cuba on January 1, 1899. Photo courtesy of the U.S. Army Signal Corps.

When Spain formally transferred possession of Cuba to the United States on January 1, 1899, yellow fever was among the top concerns of the new occupation government. Historically, foreigners in Cuba succumbed to yellow fever in great numbers, and U.S. officials feared for the health of its 50,000 soldiers stationed on the island. Also, there were fears in the federal government that growing commerce between Cuba and the United States would facilitate the spread of yellow fever to the U.S. South. The occupation was seen by some Americans as an opportunity to prevent yellow fever epidemics in the United States by controlling the disease at its source in Cuba. [1]

The U. S. Implements Public Health Measures

Soon after taking control, the occupation government used its powers to implement a massive public health program aimed at the eradication  of yellow fever in Cuba. It passed strict sanitation and quarantine regulations, organized local street-sweeping forces, hired Cuban health inspectors, constructed hospitals, built sanitation systems, published public health reports in newspapers, and stationed non-immune U.S. soldiers in bases outside of the cities. [2] Leading medical authorities in the United States argued that yellow fever was most likely spread through fomites–objects infected by the blood and/or excrement of yellow fever victims. Although this theory had not been scientifically proven, the occupation government believed that through a strict sanitation and inspection system they could prevent the handling of fomites and stop the spread of yellow fever. [3]

Quarantines and Sanitation Do Not Stop Yellow Fever

By the summer of 1900, it was clear that the U.S. sanitation and inspection program had failed to control yellow fever in Cuba. In other ways the program had been a success. It enjoyed the support of much of the Cuban population and facilitated the decline of several other infectious diseases. [4] Initially, there was a significant decline in the yellow fever infection rate, but in 1900 the infection rate climbed again as the United States encouraged thousands of non-immune Spaniards to emigrate to Cuba and help rebuild the island. [5] Frustrated by the occupation government’s inability to control yellow fever, the U.S. Army wanted to gather more data about yellow fever in Cuba and ordered the formation of a new military commission charged with “pursuing scientific investigations with reference to the infectious diseases prevalent on the Island of Cuba.” [6] ”Sources“

The post The Occupation of Cuba Exposes United States Soldiers to Yellow Fever appeared first on U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.

N2901001  Newspaper clipping, The L[ucha?], Havana (Cuba), August 19, 1907

Questions of the Day.  This article refers to sanitary conditions in Cuba.

00347001  Fever chart for Jesse W. Lazear, Sept. 19, 1900

This fever chart shows the progression of Jesse Lazear’s yellow fever ending in his death.

00353001  Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to George Miller Sternberg, September 25, 1900

Kean describes the contributions and sacrifices that Jesse Lazear has made for science, and asks George Sternberg to make a public statement about Lazear’s death and his courage in life. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

00473001  Letter from Sidney Howard to Mabel H. Lazear, May 28, 1934

Sidney Howard writes that Aristides Agramonte has published a pamphlet on the yellow fever experiments and that a dramatic play on the subject is planned.

00933013  Letter from Henry Hanson to Henry Rose Carter, June 15, 1922

Hanson writes that the government of Peru would like him to stay on, but he questions whether an American should be in charge as an administrator.

01003002  Letter from Michael E. Connor to Henry Rose Carter, October 11, 1922

Connor writes about his meeting with archaeologist E.H. Thompson concerning an ancient Mayan storage device. He describes the yellow fever outbreak in Mexico and the difficult working conditions there.

01021016   The Conduct of the Yellow Fever Campaign in Vera Cruz and the Second Yellow Fever Zone, 1921-1922, by Bert W. Caldwell, July 30, 1922

Caldwell reports on the Mexican yellow fever and anti-malarial campaign, describing the cooperative efforts of the Mexicans and the Rockefeller Commission workers.

01107002  Report: Place of Origin of Malaria: America?, by [Henry Rose Carter], [1923]  

Carter contends that America was free from malaria prior to its exploration and settlement by Europeans and Africans.

01212010  Letter from Henry Rose Carter to Chauncey B. Baker, September 27, 1924

Henry Rose Carter describes his 41 years of active service and his hopes for the future.

01325068  Report: The Establishment of a Settlement for Lepers, [19--?]]

The unknown author describes the settlement for lepers that Carter established in Panama.

01615001  Examination paper: Anatomy, by Walter Reed, [February 8, 1875]

Walter Reed writes a paper on anatomy for qualification as an Army Surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

01615006  Examination Paper: Physiology, by Walter Reed, [February 8, 1875]

Reed writes a paper on physiology for qualification as an Army Surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

01615014  Examination Paper: Hygiene, by Walter Reed, [February 8, 1875]

Reed writes a paper on hygiene for qualification as an Army Surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

01615017  Examination Paper: Surgery, by Walter Reed, [February 8, 1875]

Reeds writes a paper on surgery for qualification as an Army Surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

01617001  Autobiography by Walter Reed, February 8, 1875

Reed writes his biography for the Army Examination Board.

01804001  Military orders for Walter Reed, January 21, 1892

Edwin C. Mason rates Reed’s characteristics as very good and excellent. However, under scientific attainments Mason writes, “nothing special.” [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

01914001  Report: Mosquitoes Considered As Transmitters of Yellow Fever and Malaria, by Carlos J. Finlay, May 27, 1899

Carlos Finlay discusses the theory that mosquitoes can transmit malaria and yellow fever.

02002001  Letter from William H. Welch to George Miller Sternberg, January 12, 1900

William Welch gives a recommendation for Jesse W. Lazear. Included is a handwritten note by Truby.

02003001  Letter from Walter Reed to L. O. Howard, January 13, 1900 [1901]

Reed states to L.O. Howard that the mosquito theory for the propagation of yellow fever is now a fact instead of a theory and that finally they will be able to end the “havoc” brought on by mosquitoes. Reed’s postscript gives credit to Kean for taking action against the mosquito. Reed mistakes year — should be 1901, not 1900.

02018001  Military Orders for Walter Reed and James Carroll, May 23, 1900

Sternberg orders Reed and James Carroll to Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases, especially yellow fever. This requires the establishment of a Medical Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

02024001  Letter from George Miller Sternberg to Walter Reed, May 29, 1900

Sternberg instructs Reed on the numerous experiments he should conduct in the investigation of infectious diseases. Also included is a handwritten note by Philip Hench and Truby expressing their personal views of Sternberg’s instructions. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

02028001  Report from Jefferson Randolph Kean to the Adjutant General, June 5, 1900

Kean provides reasons for infection of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks and possible ways to prevent spread of disease. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

02064001  Letter from Walter Reed to George Miller Sternberg, July 24, 1900

Reed is astonished that yellow fever remains unrecognized at Pinar del Rio. He recommends the use of human experimentation to study the disease.

02140001  Military Orders to Commanding Officers, October 15, 1900

Circular Order # 8 includes Kean’s letter of October 13. Kean states in his communication that the mosquito is responsible for the transmission of malaria and filarial infections, and more than likely yellow fever. He recommends a course of action for all posts in the eradication of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

02176001  Transcription of Letter from Mabel H. Lazear to James Carroll, November 10, 1900

Lazear wants to know the circumstances behind her husband’s death caused by yellow fever. She has a hard time believing that her husband allowed an infected mosquito to bite his hand. She thanks Carroll for sending her the money orders.

02231001  Letter to from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, December 9, 1900

Reed announces the first proven case of yellow fever from a mosquito bite.

02257001  Letter fragment from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, [December 25 or 26], 1900

Reed provides a description of the experiment buildings at Camp Lazear and the method of mosquito inoculation and includes a sketch.

02262001  Letter from Walter Reed to Emilie Lawrence Reed, December 31, 1900

This is the famous New Year’s Eve letter. Reed’s toothache requires cocaine treatment. He comments on La Roche’s Yellow Fever (1853), and his own role in the historic discovery.

02736001  Recollections of Lena A. Warner, December 7, 1904

Warner writes about the unreported side of the yellow fever epidemic, including her own experiences during an 1878 outbreak in her hometown.

03029001  Article from Diario Illustrado regarding the American Sanitary Commission, translated from the Spanish by Juan Guiteras, June 26, 1916

This article, translated into English by Juan Guiteras, addresses the involvement of the American Sanitary Commission in Central and South America, and the political ramifications of its actions.

03122024  Letter from Hugh Cunningham to Emilie Lawrence Reed, May 31, 1927

This is a letter from a junior high school student to Emilie Lawrence Reed about her husband.

03401001  Radio script for “The Heroes of the Yellow Fever Experiments in Cuba in 1900,” prepared and produced by Young and Rubicam, January 10, 1937

This radio script presents a fictionalized version of the yellow fever experiments, and portrays Kissinger and Moran as heroes. The radio program was prepared and produced by Young & Rubicam, Inc. for the program, We The People, for their client the General Foods Corporation.

03802002  Letter from George A. Kellogg to John H. Andrus, February 28, 1941

Kellogg informs Andrus about the series of paintings entitled “Pioneers of American Medicine,” produced by John Wyeth & Brother, Inc. The third painting will be entitled “The Conquest of Yellow Fever.”

03842002  Letter from Estela Agramonte Rodriguez Leon to Philip Showalter Hench, February 2, 1941

Estela Agramonte Rodriguez Leon, daughter of Aristides Agramonte, criticizes the sketches for the Dean Cornwell painting “The Conquest of Yellow Fever” commemorating the yellow fever experiments.

04044001  Letter from Philip Showalter Hench to Frank F. Law, November 23, 1944

Different versions of commemorative paintings from American and Cuban perspectives are mentioned in this letter.

04106003  Letter from Philip Showalter Hench to Foster Kennedy, April 16, 1946

Hench mentions his desire to heal the wound between Cuba and United States.

04141001  Outline: The Conquest of Yellow Fever, by Philip Showalter Hench, December 5, 1947

This is Hench’s outline for the book he never wrote on Walter Reed and yellow fever.

04322001  House of Representatives Joint Resolution No. 396, 81st Congress, Second Session, January 16, 1950

This resolution by Congress establishes a Walter Reed Commemoration Commission and mentions its importance from a global perspective.

04327001  Letter from Lawrence Reed to Philip Showalter Hench, March 18, 1950

Lawrence Reed informs Hench that he was interviewed by Sidney Wallach. He appreciates his efforts to memorialize his father’s work by supporting the passage of a bill in Congress but he is unsure of Wallach’s motives.

04432001  Letter from Blossom Reed to Philip Showalter Hench, November 14, 1952

Blossom Reed sends Hench rough copies of her invitation from the Cuban government to attend the Lazear Memorial, and of her reply declining to attend.

04435001  Draft of speech and background notes for the dedication of the Camp Lazear Memorial, by Philip Showalter Hench, December 3, 1952

Hench stresses Cuban American cooperation underlying the conquest of yellow fever.

04603009  Letter from Ralph Cooper Hutchison to Philip Showalter Hench, January 6, 1953

Ralph Hutchison appreciates the message and the Cuban cigar from General Batista.

04620004 Letter from Philip Showalter Hench to George E. Armstrong, December 10, 1953

Hench explains why he has not yet written his book on yellow fever.

04933001  Biographical sketch of Walter Reed, by Emilie Lawrence Reed, [n.d.]

This brief sketch gives details into Walter Reed’s early military career out west.

06005008  Envelope with Cuban Clara Maass stamp, August 24, 1951

This commemorative first day cover features the Clara Maass postage stamp and a drawing of Lutheran Memorial Hospital.

06401118  Letter from Jefferson Randolph Kean to Philip Showalter Hench, July 21, 1943

Keen reports the death of a former participant in the yellow fever experiments and offers his opinion on politics, war shortages, and Albert Truby and Laura Wood’s books on Reed.

06411001  Questionnaire: Questions to General Truby (December 1946) About His Book, by Philip Showalter Hench

Hench provides an outline of questions for Truby about his book, Memoir of Walter Reed. Responses by both Truby and Hench are included for some of the questions.

06412001  Questionnaire: Truby’s Answers to Questionnaire re. His Book–February, 1947, by Albert E. Truby, December, 1946

Truby answers all of Hench’s questions regarding Memoir of Walter Reed.

06413042  Letter from Albert E. Truby to Jefferson Randolph Kean, March 29, 1947

Truby asserts that Reed knew of Carter’s and Finlay’s theories long before Lazear. Consequently, Reed was the real pioneer in the mosquito theory, not Lazear. Truby is concerned that Hench supports Lazear as being the mosquito theory proponent instead of Reed.

06412043  Questionnaire: Truby’s Remarks On Your Questionnaire Re Miscellaneous Questions, by Albert E. Truby, February, 1947

Truby adds more information to the answers he supplied for Hench’s questionnaire. Truby believes Lambert is trying to discredit him because he didn’t support Gustaf Lambert’s and Roger Ames’ inclusion on the yellow fever roll of honor.

07004001  English translation [from Spanish] of the Informed Consent Agreement for Antonio Benigno, November 26, 1900

This consent form is believed to be one of the first informed consent agreements for medical research.

13908001  Letter from Walter Reed to Laura Reed Blincoe, June 6, 1877

Reed writes his sister about the special language he and his wife use.

13910001  Letter from Walter Reed to Laura Reed Blincoe, September 21, 1882

Reed writes to his sister regarding women’s health and education.

14156005  Recollections of the family cat, Flirt, by [Emilie Lawrence Reed], [19--]

Walter Reed’s wife, Emilie Reed, provides information on her husband’s favorite pet and her family life for biographer, Howard Kelly.

14157001  Description of Walter Reed’s final illness, by [Emilie Lawrence Reed], [1922?]

As requested by Howard Kelly, [Emilie Lawrence Reed] writes a description of Walter Reed’s illness, treatment, and death.

The post Highlights of the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection appeared first on U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.

• Brief Overview of Collection MC08: Memoirs of Dr. William Groce Harrison, Sr. Housed at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
• Carl Ewald Grunsky Collection. (Unprocessed.) Housed at the California Academy of Sciences. [Grunsky was a  
Civil Engineer and a member of the Isthmian Canal Commission (1904-1905).]
• The Cuban Heritage Digital Collection. Housed at the University of Miami Libraries. [Includes the Lydia Cabrera Papers.]
• David B. Henderson Papers. Housed at the University of Iowa Libraries. [Henderson was the United States Speaker of the House, 56th and 57th Congresses.]
• George M. Kober Papers. Housed at the National Library of Medicine. [Kober was Acting Assistant Surgeon for the U.S. Army from 1874-1886.]
• George M. Sternberg Papers. Housed at the National Library of Medicine. [Sternberg was a physician, Assistant Surgeon General of the U.S. Army, and a member of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.]
• Harry H. Laughlin Papers. Housed at Truman State University. [Contains correspondence with Dr. Domingo F. Ramos [D-2-3] and “Monuments to the Memory of the heroes and Martyrs in the Struggle Against Yellow Fever.”]
• The Henry E. Sigerist Collection. Housed at Johns Hopkins University. [Sigerist was a physician and researcher in the history of medicine.]
• Henry Rose Carter Papers. Housed at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library at the University of Virginia. [Carter was a physician and researcher in infectious diseases. He was stationed in Cuba at the same time as the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission and later became Assistant Surgeon General
• Kean Family Papers. Housed at the Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia. [Major Jefferson Randolph Kean was chief sanitary officer of Havana and was an alumnus of the University of Virginia Medical School, Class of 1883 and descendent of President Thomas Jefferson. This collection contains letters from Walter Reed along with Kean's personal journal (a record of activities in his life.]
• Lewis W. Hackett Papers. Housed at the Rockefeller Archive Center. [Hackett was on the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation.]
• Wickliffe Rose Papers. Housed at the Rockefeller Archive Center. [Rose was Executive Secretary of the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission (1910-1915).]
• The William S. Thayer Collection. Housed at Johns Hopkins University. [Thayer was a researcher in infectious diseases and professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.]
• Records of the Military Government of Cuba. Housed at the National Archives.

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GENERAL BACKGROUND

Gillett, Mary C. The Army Medical Department 1865-1917. Army Historical Series. Washington, D. C.: USGPO, 1994. [This is an excellent resource for obtaining an overall view of the United States Army and all the significant players at that time.]

Mariño, Carmen Arocha. “La economía y la Salud Pública en Cuba en la década de 1940.” Rev Cubana Salud Pública 24 (2000) : 128-133. [Note: In Spanish.]

Serrano, Elena López. “Revista de Medicina y Cirugía de La Habana (1896-1951).” ACIMED 7 (1999) : 45-49. [Contains biographical information on Dr. Jose A. Presno Bastiony. Note: In Spanish.]

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

(These websites were used to verify names, events, and dates in parts of the exhibit.)

Notable Graduates of West Point, the United States Military Academy

PoliticalGraveyard.com

Principal Officers of the Department of State and United States Chiefs of Mission

Previous Surgeons General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

The Surgeons General of the U.S. Army and Their Predecessors

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-Present

Past Secretaries, U.S. Department of the Interior

Secretaries of the Treasury

United States Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army, Portraits & Biographical Sketches by William Gardner Bell

Biographies of the Secretaries of State

American Presidents: Life Portraits and The Presidents

Congressional Gold Medal Recipients and Congressional Gold Medals, 1776-2014

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Henry Rose Carter spent the last years of his long public health career on the manuscript for Yellow Fever: An Epidemiological and Historical Study of its Place of Origin.  After his death in 1925, Carter’s daughter Laura edited the manuscript, and with the assistance of Rockefeller Foundation scientist Frederick F. Russell and Johns Hopkins University physician and professor Wade Hampton Frost, published the book in 1931.

Noted entomologist Leland Ossian Howard identified the different species of mosquitoes collected by the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba.  An early champion of the Commission’s results, Howard wrote Mosquitoes: How They Live; How They Carry Disease; How They Are Classified; How They May Be Destroyed in 1901.  Howard’s work summarized important recent scientific discoveries and outlined for public health professionals the practical steps necessary to control mosquito-borne disease.

Johns Hopkins University professor and physician Howard A. Kelly wrote the first biography of Reed, Walter Reed and Yellow Fever, published in 1906, with two subsequent revisions in 1908 and 1923. A first edition copy with annotations and corrections by Philip S. Hench is available at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library at the University of Virginia.

Assembled as part of the public effort to commemorate the work of the United States Army Yellow Fever Commission and to secure adequate government pensions for the widows of commission members as well as special recognition for the experiment volunteers, Senate Document No. 822 was published in 1911.  The document compiles all the scientific papers of the Commission in addition to reports, remarks, and other materials relative to the Commission’s yellow fever work.

Author Laura Wood (Mrs. Crosby Roper) wrote Walter Reed, Doctor in Uniform, a biography for young adults, in 1941. She gave a copy of her completed manuscript to Philip S. Hench, which is the version presented here.

The post Books about Walter Reed and the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission appeared first on U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.

Cover of a U.S. Senate report commemorating the work of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, 1911.

In this section of the online exhibit you can find biographies, books, websites, and other supplemental resources related to the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, Walter Reed, and many individuals connected to the history of yellow fever.

For questions regarding the exhibit or resources list, or for permission to reproduce any of the text or images owned by Historical Collections and Services, please contact Dan Cavanaugh, Head of Historical Collections & Services, by e-mail at dmc7be@virginia.edu; by phone 434-924-0052; by mail at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800722, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0722.

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Cuban soldiers fighting Spain in the Cuban War of Independence. Strohmeyer & Wyman, “Cubans in their Trenches”, circa 1899. Digital image courtesy of the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/98518183/.

Cuba Struggles for Freedom from Spanish Control

When the United States and Spain formed the yellow fever commissions of 1878, Cuba was just beginning to recover from a devastating war that killed an estimated 200,000 and wrecked the island’s plantation economy. The conflict, known as the Ten Years’ War (1868-1878), only came to an end when the Spanish government  and the Cuban separatists recognized that neither side would achieve a complete victory and that peace would only come through negotiation.[1] The resulting treaty, the Pact of Zanjón (1878), brought temporary peace, but Spanish concessions in the agreement failed to appease the most dedicated freedom fighters. Initially, die-hard separatists failed to generate sufficient support from the Cuban people to continue the fight for independence. However, over the next 17 years, Cuban discontent with Spanish rule grew once more as it became clear to many Cubans that peace would not solve persistent social, political, and economic problems in the colony. When a trade dispute between Spain and the United States caused an economic crisis in Cuba, this growing discontent erupted into small uprisings. [2]

The Cuban War of Independence began in 1895 when exiled separatist leaders returned to the island and organized the uprisings into a revolutionary movement. Small groups of separatist troops successfully harassed Spain’s large colonial army, but they lacked the resources and manpower to force a quick surrender. Both sides, frustrated by defeats, committed atrocities against civilians and soldiers to gain advantages in the conflict. The most infamous atrocities in the conflict resulted from the Spanish practice of “reconcentration” — a systematic campaign to forcibly relocate Cuban civilians into concentration camps. By the end of the Cuban War of Independence, perhaps as many as 170,000 civilians in the camps, or around 10% of the population, died of starvation, disease, and violence. [3] After 3 years of war, severe measures failed to provide either side with a decisive victory. Separatist fighters killed up to 10,000 Spanish soldiers and disease killed another 41,000, but the separatists were still unable to dislodge the Spanish from their strongholds or generate overwhelming support from the Cuban people. [4]

The United States Considers Intervention in Cuba

In the 19^th century, Cuba and the United States developed a close, complex relationship. Although Cuba was a colony of the Spanish Empire, many Americans and Cubans believed that the island naturally belonged within the U.S. sphere of influence. Cuba’s culture and society became increasingly intertwined with its northern neighbor, and by the end of the 19^th century, the United States would become Cuba’s most important economic partner. [5] At the outbreak of the Cuban War of Independence, because of the close ties between the United States and Cuba, there was a heated debate in the United States about the country’s role in the conflict. At first, it was the policy of the Grover Cleveland and William McKinley administrations to recognize Spanish rule over Cuba and prevent the flow of private U.S. aid to the Cuban separatists. [6] However, some Americans criticized this approach and strongly advocated for a more aggressive role in the war. Among these Americans was an influential group that were popularly known as jingoes. They believed that it was the destiny of the United States to become an imperial power and argued that the nation needed to maintain a strong military and expand overseas to secure its borders and ensure economic prosperity. Jingoes also argued that an empire was “the white man’s burden”—an obligation to dominate non-European peoples and spread U.S. ideas, customs, and values across the globe. [7] For this constituency, intervention in Cuba would keep the island within the U.S. sphere of influence and was an important step toward building a new empire. [8] Reports in U.S. newspapers of Spanish atrocities, particularly the reconcentration program, shocked many Americans and made them more receptive to arguments for intervention. Americans who before had not been attracted to imperialism, came to believe that intervention was now necessary for humanitarian reasons. They also saw parallels between the Cuban struggle for Independence and their nation’s own revolutionary origins. [9]

This editorial cartoon titled, “The Peace Maker”, illustrates the attitudes of many Americans toward the Cuban War of Independence and the need for U.S. intervention after the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. Keppler, U.J. “The peace maker.” Puck, volume 43, no. 1102, April 20, 1898. Digital file courtesy of the Library of Congress, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2012647557/.

The United States Declares War on Spain after the U.S.S. Maine Is Sunk in Cuba

The McKinley administration resisted public pressure to intervene until the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. In January 1898, the United States sent the battleship to Havana to protect U.S. interests in Cuba. Three weeks later, a mysterious explosion aboard the ship sunk it and killed over 260 men. Although investigators at the time failed to determine the cause of the explosion, U.S. newspapers blamed Spain and inflamed the U.S. public. In April 1898, public opinion moved Congress to declare war on Spain and the United States entered the Cuban War of Independence as part of the broader Spanish-American War. [10] Cuban separatists had mixed reactions to the U.S. intervention. Many welcomed it as the best hope for victory over Spain. However, separatists also feared that the United States would use the intervention as an excuse to make Cuba a U.S. protectorate or colony. [11] Cuban separatists became particularly worried about U.S. intentions when it became clear that the United States was generally not interested in coordinating their military operations with the separatists at the outset of the intervention. [12] Participation in the war was short and relatively bloodless for the United States. After only 3 months, U.S. expeditionary forces decisively defeated weakened Spanish troops in Cuba and seized Spanish possessions in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean. Spain quickly sued for peace. Under the resulting peace treaty it ceded Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States and it relinquished its claims over Cuba. However, Cuba would not gain its independence. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1898), Cuba became a protectorate of the United States and the U.S. military would remain in Cuba to govern the island until the federal government believed that the Cuban people were “ready” for independence. [13] ”Sources“

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The Havana Yellow Fever Commission of the United States National Board of Health. This photograph was taken at the Commission’s laboratory in Havana’s Hotel San Carlos in August 1879. (Left to Right) Abraham Morejon, Assistant Medical Clerk; Colonel Thomas S. Hardee, Sanitary Engineer; Rudolph Matas, Medical Clerk; Henry C. Hall, U.S. Consul General at Havana; George M. Sternberg, Bacteriologist; Stanford E. Chaille, Chairman; Juan Guiteras y Gener, Pathologist; Daniel Burgess, U.S. Sanitary and Quarantine Inspector at Havana. Photograph taken from: Finlay, Carlos Eduardo. Carlos Finlay and Yellow Fever. New York: Oxford University Press, 1940. pg. 55.

In the decades leading up to the formation of the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission, revolutionary developments in science and medicine would lay a foundation for the Commission’s groundbreaking work. The rise of the germ theory of disease spurred important investigations into the biological causes of yellow fever and improvements in research methodologies would yield increasingly accurate data about the nature of the disease. While the U.S. Army Commission has been rightfully recognized for their role in proving that mosquitoes were the vector for yellow fever, their experiments would not have been possible without the insights of other pioneers working at the end of the 19^th century.

The most significant discoveries of that era can be traced to the work of the Havana Yellow Fever Commission. This Commission was created in 1879 by the U.S. National Board of Health to study yellow fever in Cuba and to suggest methods for preventing the disease’s spread from the island. [1] Investigations of the 1878 Mississippi River Valley epidemic led the National Board to believe that the source of the outbreak, like so many others of that century, was Cuba. By studying the disease at its presumed source and understanding how it spread, the Board hoped it could help prevent future yellow fever epidemics in the United States. [2]

The National Board recruited George Miller Sternberg of the U.S. Army, Stanford E. Chaillé of Tulane University, Juan Guitéras y Gener (Juan Guiteras) of Cuba, and T.S. Hardie of New Orleans to serve on the Havana Commission. With the full approval of the Spanish government in Cuba, the Commission conducted epidemiological and scientific investigations on the island in the Summer of 1879. The American delegation also worked closely with another commission that the Spanish government had created for the express purpose of aiding the U.S.-led group and continuing its work after the Americans returned to the United States. [3]

Photomicrograph of the blood of a fatal case of yellow fever. From: Sternberg, George Miller, and Tayloe Gwathmey. Photomicrographs From Negatives of Yellow Fever Studies : Made In Havana for the Havana Commission for Investigation of Yellow Fever by Order of the National Board of Health. Havana: circa 1879.

The U.S. and Spanish Commissions did not discover the cause of yellow fever or how it was spread, but they did gather substantial data about the disease. Their scientific studies yielded new insights about the effects of yellow fever on the human body and confirmed that it does not affect most other species in the same way as it does humans. [4] Meanwhile, their epidemiological studies improved the scientific community’s understanding of the conditions in which yellow fever thrives.

The Havana Yellow Fever Commission Advises Quarantine and Sanitation

Based on their experimental and epidemiological data, the Havana Commission recommended improvements for the U.S. quarantine system and advised the development of an extensive sanitation program in Cuba to prevent the spread of yellow fever. While the quarantine recommendations were generally sound, the call for sanitation improvements was founded on an unverified assumption about the transmission of yellow fever. While the Commission admitted that “the whole truth has certainly not been fathomed” about the causes of yellow fever, they argued that there were significant correlations between the presence of unsanitary conditions and the prevalence of yellow fever in Cuba. [5] They incorrectly assumed that the elimination of these conditions through a large-scale public health program would likely halt the spread of yellow fever. This point was forcefully made in the Havana Commission’s report to the National Board of Health:

The people must be provided with means to become intelligent, enlightened, especially in hygiene, prosperous, and sufficiently numerous to eventually gain both the knowledge and the power necessary to correct their insanitary evils. This is not only the best, but the only means. Until their accomplishment (which the present generation will not live to witness) Havana will continue to be a source of constant danger to every vessel within its harbor, and to every southern port which these vessels may sail to during the warm season. [6]

Members of both the U.S. and Spanish commissions would continue their work after 1879 and emerge as important figures in yellow fever research. George Miller Sternberg, who was responsible for much of the biomedical research conducted by the U.S. commission, built upon his 1879 studies and continued the hunt for a biological cause of yellow fever. [7] At the same time in Cuba, a relatively-unknown physician from the Spanish commission, pursuing the vector for yellow fever, would recognize the critical link between yellow fever and the mosquito.

Carlos Finlay’s Mosquito Theory and Yellow Fever

Carlos J. Finlay and his wife, Adele (Shine) Finlay, in the late 1860s. From: Finlay, Carlos Eduardo. Carlos Finlay and Yellow Fever. New York: Oxford University Press, 1940. p. 19.

Carlos J. Finlay, a prominent Cuban physician who had served on Spain’s 1879 yellow fever commission, identified the link between yellow fever and the Aedes Aegypti mosquito long before the idea would become widely accepted in the world scientific community.

Finlay first recognized that mosquitoes may be the vector for yellow fever after studying the work of George Miller Sternberg. While serving on the Havana Yellow Fever Commission, Sternberg employed new technologies to capture microscopic images of blood extracted from yellow fever patients as they experienced the different stages of the disease. Finlay inferred from the Sternberg images, his own scientific research about mosquitoes, and a wealth of existing epidemiological data that three conditions were necessary for the spread of yellow fever:

1. The existence of a yellow fever patient into whose capillaries the mosquito is able to drive its sting and to impregnate it with the virulent particles, at an appropriate stage of the disease.

2. That the life of the mosquito be spared after its bite upon the patient until it has a chance of biting the person in whom the disease is to be reproduced.

3. The coincidence that some of the persons whom the same mosquito happens to bite thereafter shall be susceptible of contracting the disease. [8]

When Finlay presented his mosquito theory at an 1881 meeting of the Academia de Ciencias Médicas, Físicas y Naturales de la Habana, the global scientific community generally dismissed it. Few other scientists of the period were proposing that mosquitoes could spread disease and, as Finlay himself acknowledged in his presentation:

I understand too well that nothing less than an absolutely incontrovertible demonstration will be required before the generality of my colleagues accept a theory so entirely at variance with the ideas which have until now prevailed about yellow fever. [9]

From 1881 to 1900, Finlay pursued a campaign of experimental inoculations on human volunteers, with the aim of demonstrating both the truth of his hypothesis and the possibility of inducing immunity to the disease. Finlay believed that he had produced cases of yellow fever by mosquito inoculation, although the larger public health community remained skeptical. [10] George Miller Sternberg offered an essential critique of Finlay’s experiments:  that the participants were never sufficiently isolated from the general population to eliminate the possibility of contracting fevers from sources other than Finlay’s mosquitoes. [11] This and the inconsistency with which fevers developed in the experimental participants kept the mosquito theory on the margins of medical research until political developments on the international stage would compel others to take it up.

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Abbot, William Richardson | (1839- ) | Opened and taught at the Charlottesville Institute attended by Reed [1865]; not sure if the same as Prof. Abbott | Local Source

Abbott, A. C. | (1860-1935) | Bacteriologist, “M.D., Dr. P.H., Sc.D., the Pepper Professor of Hygiene and Director of the Laboratory of Hygiene at the University of Pennsylvania, was hired as the course director. A. C. Abbott was one of the three founding fathers of the Society of American Bacteriologists” — from web page: http://www.intra.dental.upenn.edu/direct/stu_res/VJBSRS/History.html, full name is: Alexander Crever Abbott | Local Source

Abbott, Gen. | General, U.S. Army [1875] | Local Source

Abbott, Prof. | Professor at the University of Virginia [1866] | Local Source

Abel, Dr. | Doctor in Louisville [1939] | Local Source

Abel, Walter | Actor who played Walter Reed in “Yellow Jack” [1946] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Abel, Walter, (1898-1987).

Abercrombie, John William | (1866-1940) | Alabama State Senator (1896-1898); University of Alabama President (1902-1911); United States Congressman (1913-1917); Superintendant of Education (1920-1926) | Local Source

Abercrombie, [s.n.] | SEE ABERCROMBIE, JOHN WILLIAM |

Acevedo, Ramon F. | Secretary of Government and Chief of the Cabinet, Panama [1911] | Local Source |

Acheson, Dean | U.S. Secretary of State (1949-1953); see: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAacheson.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Acheson, Dean, (1893-1971).

Acker, Mollie Flint | Friend of Henry Rose Carter [1924] | Local Source

Acker, Mollie Heink | SEE ACKER, MOLLIE FLINT |

Acton, H. W. | Scientist; wrote “Diagnosis and Treatment of H. T. and M. T. Fevers” [1921] | More complete name is Hugh W. Acton | Local Source

Adams, E. S. | Major General; Adjutant General, The Adjutant General’s Office, War Department, United States [1940] | Local Source

Adamson, Estelle | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Adamson, William C. | U. S. Congressman from Georgia (1897-1917); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000051 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Adamson, William Charles, (1854-1929).

Adler, Luther | Actor who portrayed Jesse Lazear in “Yellow Jack” [1946] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Adler, Luther, (1903-1984).

Agostini, Dr. | Physician; Special Medical Inspector, Cuba [1908] | Local Source

Agramonte, Aristides | (1866-1931) | Cuban physician; served on Yellow Fever Commission with Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Jesse W. Lazear; Congressional gold medal recipient. | Local Source

Agramonte, Eduardo | Father of Aristides Agramonte | Local Source

Agramonte, Frances F. | Wife of Aristides Agramonte | Local Source

Agramonte, Mrs. | SEE AGRAMONTE, FRANCES F. |

Ahrendts, J. L. | Representative, John Wyeth & Brother Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [1942] | Local Source

Ainsworth, Frederick Crayton | United States Major General | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ainsworth, Frederick Clayton, (1852-1934).

Ainsworth, [s.n.] | SEE AINSWORTH, FREDERICK CLAYTON |

Alabama State Board of Health | Compiled hatching sheet, Coosa River [1915] | Full LC Authority

Alberti, John | Steward; worked with Reed at Fort Apache [1879] | Local Source

Albertini, A. Diaz | Cuban Physician – worked with Carlos Finlay [1900]; Director of Finlay Institute in Havana; full name is Antonio Diaz Albertini, however he prefered signing his name as “A. Diaz Albertini.” | Local Source

Albertini, Antonio Diaz | SEE ALBERTINI, A. DIAZ |

Albertini, Dr. | SEE ALBERTINI, A. DIAZ |

Alden, C. H. | Colonel [1928] | Full LC is: Alden, Charles Henry, (1836-1906).

Alden, Dr. | Physician; C. M. Godfrey wanted him dismissed from the Army medical unit [1899] | Local Source

Alderman, Edwin Anderson | University of Virginia President (1905-1931) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Alderman, Edwin Anderson, (1861-1931).

Alexander, Martha | Worked for the Journal of the History Medicine and Allied Sciences [1951] | Local Source

Allerry, P. | SEE TILLERY, P. A. |

Allery, P. | SEE TILLERY, P. A. |

Allison, William B. | United States Representative to Congress (1863-1871) and Senator (1873-1908) from Iowa | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Allison, William B. (William Boyd), (1829-1908).

Allmand, Dorothy | Librarian, United States Marine Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland [1919] | Local Source

Almeyda, Jose Ramos | Provides history of sanitary measures in Cuba to Kean [1907] | Local Source

Alonso, Paulino | Volunteer for yellow fever vaccine by Dr. Caldas [1901] |

Alspaugh, Edna | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Alvare, Dr. | SEE ALVARE, IGNACIO |

Alvare, Ignacio | Cuban physician, Havana; helped Hench with research on Camp Lazear [1940] | Local Source

Alvarez, Dositeo | Discharged case of yellow fever [1908] | Local Source

Alvarez, Jacinto Mendez | Volunteer in the yellow fever experiments [1901] | Local Source

Alvarez, Joaquin Maria | Cuban physician; identified site of American Military Cemetery, Camp Columbia, Cuba [1940] | Local Source

Amador Guerrero, Manuel | First President of Panama [1903] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Amador Guerrero, Manuel, (1833-1909).

Amador, R. A. | Physician and Post Sanitary Officer at Camp Columbia, Cuba, [1900]; Chargé d’Affaires of the Republic of Panama at Paris; more complete name is Raoul A. Amador | Local Source

Amaral, Raul R. de | Charge d’Affairs of Brazil; recommends Philippe Caldas to the Yellow Fever Commission [1901] |

Ament, Lytton G. | New York [1929] | full name is Lytton Gray Ament | Local Source

American Society of Tropical Medicine | Corporate author for a program flyer | Full LC Authority

Ames, Azel | Physician/writer/amateur genealogist [1904] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ames, Azel, (1845-1908).

Ames, Jessie Daniel | Wife of Roger Post Ames | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ames, Jessie Daniel, (1883-1972).

Ames, Josephine | SEE MORRIS, JOSEPHINE AMES |

Ames, Roger Post | (1868-1914) | Physician, U.S.Army Medical Corps, Cuba, takes care of Yellow Fever patients; Congressional gold medal recipient | LC Authority

Amesse, J. W. | Physician, Cuban Sanitation [1908] |

Andreu, Dr. | SEE ANDREU, JOSE R. |

Andreu, Jose | SEE ANDREU, JOSE R. |

Andreu, Jose R. | Cuban physician; worked with Hench on Lazear Memorial [1947] | full name is Jose Raimundo Andreu | Local Source

Andrew, A. P. | Officer, Ambulance Service, France, [1917] |

Andrew, [s.n.] | SEE ANDREW, A. P. |

Andrus, David L. | Physician; son of John H. Andrus | Local Source

Andrus, Dr. | SEE ANDRUS, DAVID L. |

Andrus, John A. | SEE ANDRUS, JOHN H. |

Andrus, John H. | (1879-1942) | Army private; yellow fever volunteer; full name is John Hewitt Andrus; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Andrus, Mrs. | Wife of John H. Andrus | Local Source

Andrus, S. C. | SEE ANDRUS, SETH C. |

Andrus, Seth C. | Father of John H. Andrus | Local Souce

Angles, Eduardo | Cuban physician during yellow fever experiments; involved with finding location of Camp Lazear [1940] | Local Source

Anmach, James | Army Private, United States; did household work for the Reeds at Camp Apache [1877] | Local Source

Annie, Miss | SEE VAUGHAN, ANNIE |

Anthony, Daniel R. | United States Representative from Kansas (1907 – 1929); name also varies as Daniel Read Anthony, Jr.; see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000261 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Anthony, Daniel Read, (1870-1931).

Antonetti, R. | (1872 – 1938) | Lieutenant Governor of Ivory Coast (1918-1924); full name is: Raphaël-Valentin-Marius Antonetti. | Local Source

Ara, A. Perez | Physician, Havana, Cuba [1941] | Local Source

Arango, Jose Augustin | Governor of the Province of Panama [1911] | Local Source

Arces, Julian | Peruvian physician, denied existence of yellow fever in Peru [1921] | Local Source

Archibald, R. G. | Co-editor of The Practice of Medicine in the Tropics [1921] | Full name is Archibald, Robert George, (1880- ).

Armstrong, Donald B. | Physician; Vice-President, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company [1953] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Armstrong, Donald B.(Donald Budd), (1886-)

Armstrong, Dr. | SEE ARMSTRONG, DONALD B. |

Armstrong, George E. | (1900-1979) | Major General, United States Army; Surgeon General of the United States Army (1951-1955) | Local Source

Armstrong, Gloster | SEE ARMSTRONG, H. G. |

Armstrong, H. G. | H.M.’s Consul General, British General Consulate [1923] | Local Source

Armstrong, S. T. | Major and Brigade Surgeon, Cuba [1899] |

Arnett, George W. | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench [1940] | Local Source

Arnold, W. F. | Physician; defends John W. Ross to Howard A. Kelly [1907] | Local Source

Arosemena, Pablo | President of Panama (1910-1912) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Arosemena, Pablo, (1836-1920).

Arthur, Lindsley | Malaria Field Agent, Georgetown County Malarial Control, State Board of Health of South Carolina, Division, Malaria Co-Operative Work [1923] | Local Source

Artigas, Francisco Argilagos | Physician?, National Pharmaceutical Association, Havana, Cuba [1941] | Local Source

Ascanio, Hugo | Physician, Havana, Cuba [1942] | Local Source

Ash, Col. | Curator, Army Medical Museum [1940] | Local Source

Ashburn, P. M. | Physician; Colonel, Medical Field Service School [1922] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ashburn, P. M. (Percy Moreau), (1872-1940).

Ashford, Mahlon | Editor, The Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine [1942] | Local Source

Audouard, [s.n.] | French yellow fever researcher, 19th century | Local Source

Aujay, Capt. | Officer; liason between the Ambulance Service and the French Army, France, [1917] | Local Source

Aunt Alice | Wife of Thomas C. Lazear (?) | Local Source

Aunt Kate | SEE SETH, CATHERINE E. |

Aunt Louise | SEE FONTAINE, LOUISE |

Avery, S. D. | Secretary, Medical Association of the Isthmian Canal Zone [1925] | Local Source

Avila, Manuel | Physician, Delegado Sanitario Especial, Panuco, Veracruz [1923] | Local Source

Babcock, Mrs. Albert | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Baekeland, L. H. | President of the American Chemical Society, [1924]; Inventor of Bakelite | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Baekeland, L. H. (Leo Hendrick), (1863-1944).

Bailey, Mildred | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Bailhache, Preston H. | Surgeon; concerned with quarantine regulations to prevent entry of yellow fever into the U. S. [1900] | Local Source

Bair, M. Z. | Chief Sanitation Engineer, Arkansas Board of Health [1922] | Local Source

Baird, George W. | Officer in the Chief Dispurser’s Office of the Paymaster General [1900] | Full LC is: Baird, George W. (George Washington), (1843-1930) |

Baker, Chauncey B. | General, United States Army; Sanitary Officer in Havana [1924] | Local Source

Baker, James D. | Headmaster of Ruston Acadmey in Cuba [1952] | Local Source

Baker, Newton Diehl | Secretary of War (1916-1921); see biographical information: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/Sw-SA/Baker.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Baker, Newton Diehl, (1871-1937).

Balantine, James W. | SEE BALENTINE, JAMES W. |

Balch, [s.n.] | Worked with Gorgas in the Canal Zone [1905] | Local Source

Baldwin, Col. | SEE BALDWIN, T. A. |

Baldwin, General | SEE BALDWIN, T. A. |

Baldwin, T. A. | Colonel, United States Army; Commanding Officer of Camp Columbia, Cuba, [1901]; Colonel of 7th Calvary; more complete name is Thomas A. Baldwin [1900] | Local Source

Balentine, James W. | Private 8th Infantry; contracted yellow fever [May 1900] |

Balfour, Andrew | Physician, The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Cavendish Square, London [1921]; held several positions at Welcome Institutions [1924] | Local Source

Balfour, Dr. | SEE BALFOUR, ANDREW |

Ballou, William H. | Physician; wrote article on the discovery by a Japanese scientist of a micro-organism that destroys mosquito larvae [1922] | Local Source

Banister, W. B. | Officer, United States Army Medical Corps; pallbearer at Walter Reed’s funeral [1902] |

Barber, Charles W. | Brigadier General, 29th Division [1917]; Colonel, Infantry, Chief of Staff, United States Army [1918] | Local Source

Barber, M. A. | United States Public Health Service Worker; yellow fever research work for the International Health Board in Africa [1925] | Local Source

Barbour, W. Warren | United States Senator for New Jersey (1931-1937, 1938-1943) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Barbour W. Warren (William Warren), (1888-1943).

Barker, Lewellys Franklin | Physician; Professor at Johns Hopkins | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Barker, Lewellys F. (Lewellys Franklin), (1867-1943).

Barnes, Joseph K. | U.S. Surgeon General (1864-1882) | Full LC Authority is: Barnes, Joseph K., (1817-1883).

Barnet, Dr. | SEE BARNET, E. B. |

Barnet, E. B. | Cuban physician; contract surgeon with U. S. Army [1900]; author (with Juan Guiteras) of a history of Las Animas Hospital | Full LC Authority is: Barnet, Enrique B. (Enrique Buenaventura), (1855-1916).

Barnett, James M. | Physician; wrote about malaria control [1902] | Local Source

Barret, Claudia | Student, Charlotte, North Carolina [1924] | Local Source

Barret, Harvey P. | Identified various species of mosquito for Henry Rose Carter, Charlotte, North Carolina [1918] | Local Source

Barret, Nannie Mason | Friend of Laura Carter’s [19--] | Local Source

Barrett, Dr. | SEE BARRET, HARVEY P. |

Barrett, N. M. | Yellow fever patient [1905] | Local Source

Barrier, Ethel | United States Public Health Service microscopist [1924] | Local Source

Barringer, Paul B. | Dean of Faculty, University of Virginia, [1901] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Barringer, Paul B. (Paul Brandon), (1857-1941).

Barry, Gen. | SEE BARRY, THOMAS H. |

Barry, Thomas H. | Brigadier-General, United States Army, Cuban Pacification [1908], The Army of Cuban Pacification Medal NO. 1 presented to Major General Thomas H. Barry on June 1, 1909 according to: http://foxfall.com/csm-army-cpm.htm; later becomes Major General | Local Source

Barstad, John Peter | Claimed to be a yellow fever volunteer although Truby denied he was [1952] | Local Source

Bash, Louis Hermann | (1872-1952) | 29th Quartermaster General (1934-1936); see biographical information at: http://www.qmfound.com/MG_Louis_Bash.htm | Local Source

Bass, C. C. | United States Public Health Worker; President of the American Society of Tropical Medicine [1919] | Local Source

Bates, A. E. | Paymaster General, United States Army, War Department, Washington, D.C. [1900] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Bates, A. E. (Alfred Elliott), (1840-1909).

Bates, Lewis B. | Chief of Laboratory, Board of Health Laboratory, Health Department, Canal Zone, The Panama Canal [1921] | Local Source

Batista, Fulgencio | SEE BATISTA Y ZALDIVAR, FULGENCIO |

Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio | Colonel in Cuba; Dictator, (1933-1940); President, (1940-1944); assumed power, (1952-1959) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Batista y Zaldâivar, Fulgencio, (1901-1973).

Batistia, Col. | SEE BATISTA Y ZALDIVAR, FULGENCIO |

Bauer, Dr. | SEE BAUER, LOUIS H. |

Bauer, Louis H. | Physician; Promulgated the first civil aviation medicine regulations for U.S. civil airmen on December 31, 1926, see: http://www.asma.org/Publication/abstract/v72n1/v72n1p62.html; President of the American Medical Association (1952-1953) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Bauer, Louis H. (Louis Hopewell), (1888-1964).

Bauer, [s.n.] | Conducted yellow fever research in West Africa [1928] | Local Source

Bauvallet, Dr. | Physician; reported on the outbreak of yellow fever at Grand Bassam, Africa [1922] | Local Source

Bay, J. Christian | Librarian, The John Crerar Library, Chicago [1941] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Bay, J. Christian (Jens Christian), (1871-1962).

Bayles, James C. | Journalist; wrote article, “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” [1901] | Full LC Authority is: Bayles, James C. (James Copper), (1845- ).

Beach, F. H. | Captain, 7th Cavalry, Acting Adjutant | Local Source

Beach, George C. | General, Walter Reed General Hospital, Washington, D.C. [1948] | Local Source

Beach, Lansing H. | Major General; Chief of Engineers, United States Army (1920-1924): http://www.wood.army.mil/MUSEUM/History/en_chief.htm | Local Source

Beam, Harry Peter | (1892-1967) | Representative from Illinois who was chairman of the Committee on Memorials in the Seventy-seventh Congress. He introduced a bill to include Gustaf E. Lambert on the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. See:http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp | Local Source

Bean, William B. | Physician; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa [1951]; Author of “Walter Reed: A Biography.” | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Bean, William Bennett.

Beato, Manuel Perez | SEE PEREZ BEATO, MANUEL |

Beaulac, Mrs. | Wife of Willard L. Beaulac | Local Source

Beaulac, Willard L. | (1899-1990) | Beaulac, Willard Leon — also known as Willard L. Beaulac — of Pawtucket, Providence County, R.I. Born in Pawtucket, Providence County, R.I., July 25, 1899. Served in the U.S. Navy during World War I; Foreign Service officer; U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay, (1944-47); U.S. Ambassador to Colombia, (1947-51); U.S. Ambassador to Cuba, (1951-53); U.S. Ambassador to Chile, (1953-56); U.S. Ambassador to Argentina, (1956-60). | from the political graveyard website, http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/beaty-bechtold.html | Local Source

Beaumont, William | United States Army physician; “Father of Gastric Physiology”; “Father of American Physiology”; see: http://www.james.com/beaumont/dr_life.htm, http://www.system.missouri.edu/upress/spring1996/horsman.htm, andhttp://www.fortcrawfordmuseum.com/drbmt.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Beaumont, William, (1785-1853).

Beauperthuy, Louis-Daniel | (1807-1871) | French physician; yellow fever pioneer; first to claim that mosquitoes were responsible for intermittent fever. See: http://www.tmbl.gu.se/libdb/taxon/personetymol/personetymol.1.html | Full LC Authority is: Beauperthuy, Louis Daniel, (1807-1871)

Beeuwkes, Henry | Colonel, United States Army Medical Corps; researcher with the Rockefeller Foundation, yellow fever work in West Africa [1927] | Local Source

Beeuwkes, [s.n.] | SEE BEEUWKES, HENRY |

Belknap, William W. | Secretary of War (1869-1876) | Full LC Authority is Belknap, William W. (William Worth), (1829-1890).

Bell, Agrippa Nelson | Believed in strict quarantine for yellow fever victims; used steam as a disinfecting agent [1848] | Local Source

Bell, Alexander Graham | Inventor; member of the Walter Reed Association [1903] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Bell, Alexander Graham, (1847-1922).

Bell, L. C. | SEE BELL, LANDON C. |

Bell, Landon C. | General Counsel, The Colleton Cypres Company [1916] | Local Source

Bellevue Medical Center, New York University | Used as Corporate Author | Name used from local source | LC entry is: New York University. Medical Center.

Bellingaghi, Angel | Brazilian physician. Invented a serum against yellow fever which was proven ineffective. [1900] | Local Source

Benigno, Antonio | Spanish Volunteer in the Yellow Fever Experiments [1901] | Local Source

Benis, Jose Maria | President, del Comite Ejecutivo [1902] | Local Source

Benitoa, Antonio Perez | Provided Hench aerial views of Cuba [1948] | Local Source

Benjamin, Mary A. | Editor, “Walter R. Benjamin: Autograph Letters and Historical Documents.” [1939] | Full LC Authority

Bennett, George A. | Physician; Dean, Jefferson Medical College [1952] | Local Source

Benson, Jr., Otis O. | Colonel, Medical Corps; Chief, Medical Research Division, Office of the Air Surgeon [1948] | Local Source

Beranger-Feraud, Laurent Jean Baptiste | French Physician; wrote books on Yellow Fever: La Fièvre
Jaune and Maladie des Europeens aux Antilles | Full LC Authority is: B’erenger-F’eraud, L.-J.-B. (Laurent-Jean-Baptiste), (1832-1900).

Berkeley, Jr., Francis L. | Curator of Manuscripts, Division of Rare Book and Manuscripts, Alderman Library, University of Virginia [1947] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: (Berkeley, Francis L. Francis Lewis), (1911- ).

Berkson, Joseph | Physician; referred Hench’s “History of the Yellow Fever Commission” to the Bulletin of the History of Medicine [1940] | Local Source

Berry, George P. | (1898- ) | Physician; Dean of the Harvard School of Medicine; sent representative to Camp Lazear Dedication [1952] | full name is George Packer Berry | Local Source

Bettmann Archive | Used as corporate author; located in New York, New York, [1948] | Local Source

Bettmann, Otto L. | Ph.D.; Director, The Bettmann Archive: Pictorial History and Research [1948] | Full LC Authority is: Bettmann, Otto.

Bevan, Arthur | American Forester; President, Virginia Academy of Science, (1946-1947) (?) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Bevan, Arthur, (1888-1968).

Beveridge, Wilfred W. G. | Director, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England [1928] | Local Source

Beverly, Edward P. | Physician, involved with public health work [1921] | Local Source

Beyer, George | Physician, reported particular species of mosquito in Louisiana [1906] | Local Source

Beyer, [s.n.] | Involved with Parker’s yellow fever experiments, Vera Cruz [1903] | Local Source

Beyers, Captain | Relative of Roger Post Ames [1930] | Local Source

Biddle, Colonel | SEE BIDDLE, JAMES STOKES |

Biddle, James Stokes | Colonel, United States Naval Officer; inspected hospital at Fort Apache; see: http://www.virtualology.com/jamesstokesbiddle/ | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Biddle, James Stokes, (1818- ).

Billings, Dr. | Visited Lazear in Edinburgh, Scotland [1890] | Local Source

Billings, John S. | (1838-1913) | Surgeon, U.S. Army. In charge of Army Medical Museum and Library Division. [1893] | See: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/billings.html | Local Source

Binley, Henry | Acknowledges Mrs. Reed of her husband’s heroic deeds with the Yellow Fever Commission [1928] | Local Source

Binnie, J. F. | Officer, U.S. Army Medical Corps, operated on Jefferson Randolph Kean’s son Robert [1914] | Local Source

Binnie, Mrs. | Wife of J. F. Binnie | Local Source

Birmingham, Henry P. | Colonel, United States Army Medical Corps, Acting Surgeon General (1915-1916) | Local Source

Bishop, Joseph B. | Secretary, Isthmian Canal Mission [1912] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Bishop, Joseph Bucklin, (1847-1928).

Bishop, Roswell P. | (1843-1920) | Member of Congress from Michigan (1895-1907) | Local Source

Black, Col. | SEE BLACK, WILLIAM M. |

Black, William M. | (1855-1933) | Major General and Chief of the Army Corps of Engineers (March 7 1916-October 31, 1919), advisor to the Cuban Department of Public Works, he modernized Havana’s sanitary system | Full name is William Murray Black. | Local Source

Blackford, Staige D. | Physician, University of Virginia Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia [1947] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Blackford, Staige D. (Staige Davis), (1898-1949).

Blackwood, N. J. | Surgeon; contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Blair, [s.n.] | Epidemiologist in British Guyanan; studied yellow fever [1836] | Local Source

Blake, Henry A. | (1840-1918) | Governor of the Bahamas, [1886]; Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, (1887-1889); He subsequently served as governor of Jamaica, Hong Kong, and Ceylon; full name is Blake, Sir Henry Arthur; see:http://www.heritage.nf.ca/govhouse/governors/g55.html | Local Source

Blake, S. F. | Botanist, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture [1929]; see: http://www.nybg.org/bsci/libr/Blake.htm | Full LC Authority is: Blake, S. F. (Sidney Fay), (1892-1959).

Blakely, Dalmar R. | Hostess House, Walter Reed General Hospital, Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. [1943] | Local Source

Blanchard, [s.n.] | Professor; wrote “Les Moustiques” [1908] | Local Source

Bland, Schuyler O. | Virginia Congressman [1950] | Local Source

Blanton, Wyndham B. | Physician, Richmond, Virginia | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Blanton, Wyndham Bolling, (1890-1960).

Blatchford, Gen. | Commanding the Line of Communications, United States Army, France [1917] | Local Source

Blincoe, Anita Clayton | Daughter of Laura Blincoe | Local Source

Blincoe, James William | Walter Reed’s brother-in-law | Local Source

Blincoe, Laura | SEE BLINCOE, LAURA REED |

Blincoe, Laura Reed | Walter Reed’s sister; married James Blincoe | Local Source

Blincoe, Lemuel Soule | Brother of Anita Clayton Blincoe [1902] | Local Source

Bliss, Raymond W. | (1888-1965) | Surgeon General, United States Army (1947-1951); see: http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/tsgs/Bliss.htm | Local Source

Bliss, Tasker Howard | U.S. Brigadier General [1948] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Bliss, Tasker Howard, (1853-1930).

Bliss, Theodore L. | Physician, Ohio [1941] | Local Source

Blondel, Dorothy | Correspondence Secretary, George Washington High School, The City of New York, Department of Education [1930] | Local Source

Blue, Rupert | Physician; Public Health Service; Surgeon General (1912-1920); see: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/history/bioblue.htm | Local Source

Boada, Fernando | Cuban sculptor; made medallions and plaques for the Camp Lazear Memorial | Local Source

Boldridge, F. M. | Health Officer, Chester, South Carolina [1921] | Local Source

Bolduan, [s.n.] | Physician [1919] | Local Source

Bonham, Eleanor M. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Bonzi, H. A. | Received shipment of Noguchi serum and vaccine for Henry Rose Carter in Peru [1921] | Local Source

Booth, Carolyn H. | Worked to ensure a pension for the Kissingers [1907] | Local Source

Booth, E. E. | Chief of Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, Headquarters Services of Supply [1919] | Local Source

Borden, Daniel L. | Physician; son of William C. Borden [1942] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Borden, Daniel L., (1887-1969).

Borden, H. G. | SEE BORDEN, WILLIAM C. |

Borden, Maj. | SEE BORDEN, WILLIAM C. |

Borden, William C. | Doctor and United States Major; Operating Surgeon and Commanding Officer at Washington Barracks Hospital; treated Reed for appendicitis [1902] | Local Source

Borrell, Jose | President, Rotary Club de La Habana [1949] | Local Source

Bost, Helen | Friend of Henry Rose Carter [1923] | Local Source

Boyce, Rubert William | Scientist; wrote numerous books on yellow fever | Full LC Authority is: Boyce, Rubert W. (Rubert William), Sir, (1864-1911).

Boyd, Allen R. | Executive Assistant, Library of Congress [1936] | Local Source

Boyd, Mark F. | Director, field studies of malaria in [Brazil], Rockefeller Commission [1924] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Boyd, Mark F. (Mark Frederick), (1889-1968).

Bradenelli, G. A. | Italian patient who died of yellow fever in Africa [1923] | Local Source

Bradley, [s.n.] | United States Army Medical Corps, France [1917] | Local Source

Bradshaw, R. G. | Secretary, Virginia Alpha Chapter, Alpha Omega Alpha, Department of Medicine,University of Virginia [1947] | Local Source

Brancht, Frances | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Brandstadt, Wayne G. | Editor-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces Medical Journal [1952] | Local Source

Brechemin, [s.n.] | Involved with Canal Zone [1906] | Local Source

Brem, Walter Vernon | Physician; Chief of Medical Clinic, Colon Hospital, Panama, (1907-11) | Local Source |

Brewer, Edwin P. | Captain, United States Army, 7th U.S. Cavalry [1899] | Local Source

Brewer, Melvin D. | Alumni Secretary, Washington and Jefferson College [1940] | Local Source

Brick, Abraham Lincoln | Congressman; Indiana representative (1899-1908) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Brick, Abraham Lincoln, (1860-1908).

Bridges, C. H. | Major General; Adjutant General; War Department [1930] | Local Source

Briggs, Margaret Lazear | Daughter of Jesse W. Lazear; Used the names Margaret Lazear, Mrs. Walter Briggs, Mrs. W.D. Briggs; Peggy Lazear Briggs | Local Source

Briggs, Mrs. Walter | SEE BRIGGS, MARGARET LAZEAR |

Briggs, Peggy Lazear | SEE BRIGGS, MARGARET LAZEAR |

Briggs, Thomas Lazear | Grandson of Jesse W. Lazear | Local Source

Briggs, Walter De Blois | Son-in-law of Jesse W. Lazear [1934]; Married Margaret Lazear | Local Source

Brill, G. Meredith | Managing Editor of “The Pharos,” Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society [1948] | Local Source

Brooke, Gen. | SEE BROOKE, JOHN R. |

Brooke, John R. | General, United States Army, Cuban operations [1899] | Major General; Military Governor of Cuba; see biographical information at: http://www.arlingtoncemetery.com/jrbrooke.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Brooke, John Rutter, (1838-1926) |

Brooke, R. H. | Chief Clerk, Office of the Surgeon General, War Department, United States [1941] | Local Source

Brooke, Roger | Brigadier General, The Medical Field Service School, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania [1940] | Local Source

Brooks, E. C. | Captain in Havana, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Brooks, George E. | Teacher in Farmville, Virginia? [1860] | Local Source

Brooks, Harlow | Physician; provides recommendation for Albert E. Truby [1935] | Local Source

Brown, Earl I. | Major, United States Army; United States Engineer Corps., Bell Building, Montgomery, Alabama [1915] | Local Source

Brown, Grace | Employed by Laura Carter to finish her father’s book | Local Source

Brown, Ira C. | United States Major and brigade surgeon, Camp Columbia [1899] | Local Source

Brown, Joseph B. | Surgeon, United States Army; President of the Army Medical Examining Board [1882] | Local Source

Brown, Miss | SEE BROWN, GRACE |

Brown, Oren Britt | Friend of Walter and Mrs. Reed, Dayton, Ohio [1931] | Local Source

Bruce, Philip A. | SEE BRUCE, PHILIP ALEXANDER |

Bruce, Philip Alexander | Dr. (Ph.D.?) LL.B., LL.D.; Care Alumni Association, University of Virginia [1922] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Bruce, Philip Alexander, (1856-1933).

Brumby, Dr. | SEE BRUMBY, WILLIAM M. |

Brumby, William M. | Physician; friend of Ames who wrote paper on Ames; see Texas Department of Health History at: http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/print/TT/mdt40.html | Full LC Authority is: Brumby, W. M.

Brumfield, W. A. | Physician; Virginia State Board of Health [1917] | Local Source

Brunner, W. F. | Vice Sanitary Inspector in Cuba [1899] | Local Source

Bruns, H. D. | Alabama malaria fighter | Local Source

Bullard, John R. | (1872 -1944) | Civilian yellow fever volunteer [1900, 1901] ; Congressional gold medal recipient [1928] | Local Source

Bullock, Helen Duprey | Chief, Historical Research [1952] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Bullock, Helen Claire Duprey, (1905- ).

Burmeister, L. | Captain, United Fruit Company Steamship Service, Medical Department [1923] | Local Source

Burnett, Frank C. | Brigadier General, United States War Department [1937] | Local Source

Burnham, F. Irvine | Department of State; did map work for The History of Yellow Fever | Local Source

Burwell, [s.n.] | Naval officer; possible suitor of Laura Armistead | Local Source

Bushnell, George E. | Recommends Alexander Murray for a position in the Canal Zone [1906] | Local Source

Bustinza, F. | Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal (Jardin Botanico), Madrid, Spain | Local Source

Butcher, Jr., Howard | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Butler, Dan B. | Mayor of Omaha, Nebraska; wants to meet with Hench regarding recognition of A. S. Pinto [1942] | Local Source

Butler, Marion | (1863-1938) | United States Senator representing North Carolina (1895-1901). | Local Source

Butler, Senator | SEE BUTLER, MARION |

Butsch, Janet | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench [1940] | Local Source

Butsch, William | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench [1940] | Local Source

Byam, Colonel | SEE BYAM, EBER C. |

Byam, Eber C. | Colonel, Twenty-fourth Iowa Infanty, United States Civil War; sent a copy of “The Practice of Medicine in the Tropics” to Carter | Local Source

Byam, W. | Major [1919]; Lieutenant Colonel [1920]; editor for the Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford Press. Published “The Practice of Medicine in the Tropics” [1919] | Local Source

Byrd, J. L. | Physician, Health Officer of Cristobal and Colon [1923] | Local Source

Byrne, Charles B. | Assistant surgeon, Willets Point, New York Harbor [1875] | Local Source

Byrne, Dr. | SEE BYRNE, CHARLES B. |

Byron, Arthur | Actor; portrayed Walter Reed in the radio program: “The Heroes of the Yellow Fever Experiments in Cuba” [1937] | Local Source

Caballero, Enrique | Physician; public health worker [1921] | Local Source

Cabarrouy, Gustavo | Member (“patron”) of Cuban Camp Lazear Memorial Committee (1952-1953) | Local Source

Cabell, Dr. | SEE CABELL, JAMES C. |

Cabell, James C. | Physician; leading member of the medical faculty at the University of Virginia [1869] | Local Source

Cabell, James Lawrence | Professor of Physiology and Surgery during the period that Reed attended the University of Virginia School of Medicine; see: http://www.lib.virginia.edu/speccol/collections/cabell/biographies/jlcabell.html | Full LC Authority is Cabell, J. L. (James Lawrence), 1813-1889.

Cabell, Julian M. | Served on Medical Examining Board with Walter Reed. | Local Source

Cabrera, Julia Lomas | Involved with Camp Lazear research [1940]; niece of Mrs. Rojas; cousin of Maria Theresa Rojas | Local Source

Cabrera, Lidia | SEE CABRERA, LYDIA |

Cabrera, Lydia | Involved with the dedication of Camp Lazear National Monument, Cuba [1953]; there is a Lydia Cabera Award for Cuban Historical Studies | name may also appear as “Lidia Cabrera”; see the Lydia Cabrera Collection at:http://www.library.miami.edu/chcdigital/finding.html | Local Source

Cage, Hazel | Supplied Hench with reprint of deKruif’s book, Microbe Hunters. [1952] | Local Source

Caldas, Philippi | Brazilian scientist; investigated yellow fever immunization in Cuba [1901] | Local Source

Caldwell, Bert W. | Physician; Rockefeller Foundation; Mexican Yellow Fever Commission [1921] | Local Source

Caldwell, [s.n.] | SEE CALDWELL, BERT W. |

Calver, Homer N. | Executive Secretary, The American Public Health Association, New York City, New York [1924] | Local Source

Campbell, Dorothy | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Canby, Col. | Officer, United States Army, acquaintance of Truby and the Keans [1923] | Local Source

Canby, Mrs. | Wife of Colonel Canby [1923] | Local Source

Canseco, Victor Diez | Peruvian Physician; official in yellow fever campaign [1921] | Local Source

Capina, Pedro Nel | SEE OSPINA, PEDRO NEL |

Carbonell Ponce, Felipe | Cuban Physician; associated with establishing Camp Lazear Memorial [1942] | Local Source

Carde, [s.n.] | Inspection General, des Services Sanitaires et Medicaux, Dakar [1923] | Local Source

Cardenas, J. Gil | Physician; involved in Peruvian yellow fever campaign [1921] | Local Source

Cardenas, Pedro Machado de | Physician [1942] | Local Source

Cardenas, Raul de | Vice President of the Republic of Cuba [1948] | Local Source

Cardenas, [s.n.] | SEE CARDENAS, RAUL DE |

Carey, Frank | Reporter, Associated Press; wrote article on Reed [1950] | Local Source

Carey, Robert Davis | Governor and Senator from Wyoming who introduced a bill to add the name of Roger Post Ames to the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor; See: http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/carey.html andhttp://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp | Full LC Authority is Carey, Robert D. (Robert Davis), 1878-1937.

Carling, Mrs. Samuel T. | Provided information to Robin Lampson for a biography of Gorgas, 1937 | Local Source

Carmona, [s.n.] | Mexican physician; claimed to have discovered the yellow fever germ [1881] | Local Source

Carnegie, Andrew | Established the “Carnegie Hero Fund Commission” [1904] | Local Source

Carnegie, [s.n.] | SEE CARNEGIE, ANDREW |

Carr, G. Jameson | Physician; General Director of the International Health Board, Yellow Fever Commission in Brazil; Department of Public Health [1925]; name varies as G. J. Carr | Local Source

Carrier, Gene | Provided photographs of the Camp Lazear Dedication [1953] | Local Source

Carroll, George | Son of James Carroll; name also appears as George I. H. Carroll | Local Source

Carroll, Harry M. | Lawyer; worked to make Reed’s birthplace a National Landmark [1926] | Local Source

Carroll, James | (1854-1907) | Physician; Major in the United States Army; served on Yellow Fever Commission; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Carroll, Jennie | Wife of James Carroll | Local Source

Carroll, Jr., James | Son of James Carroll |

Carroll, Mrs. George | Wife of George Carroll | Local Source

Cartaya, Dr. | Cuban physician in the National Department of Sanitation [1908] | Local Source

Carter, Edward Champe | Second son of Henry Rose Carter; name also appears as Ed or Ned | Local Source

Carter, Emma Coleman | Mother of Henry Rose Carter | Local Source

Carter, Henry | SEE CARTER, JR., HENRY ROSE |

Carter, Henry P. | Major, United States Army | Local Source |

Carter, Henry Rose | Physician; Assistant Surgeon General [commissioned by special act of Congress in 1915], Public Health Service; University of Virginia graduate in Civil Engineering [1873]; U.S. Marine Hospital | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Carter, Henry Rose (1852-1925).

Carter, J. C. | Assistant Sanitary Engineer, United States Public Health Service | Local Source

Carter, John Ridgely | (1862-1944) | United States Minister to Argentina, Romania [1909], and Serbia [1909]. | Local Source

Carter, Jr., Henry Rose | Son of Henry Rose Carter; name appears as Ed, Eddy, Ned (as a baby), and Henry | Local Source

Carter, Laura | SEE CARTER, LAURA ARMISTEAD |

Carter, Laura A. | SEE CARTER, LAURA ARMISTEAD |

Carter, Laura Armistead | Daughter of Henry Rose and Laura Eugenia Hook Carter; married name is Mrs. E. R. Stitt | Local Source

Carter, Laura Eugenia Hook | Wife of Henry Rose Carter | Local Source

Carter, Mary Clayborne | Henry Rose Carter’s sister |

Carter, [s.n.] | SEE CARTER, HENRY ROSE

Cartwright, George | Colonel or Major General; Assistant to the Head of the United States Quartermaster Department; died of yellow fever [1900] | more complete name is George S. Cartwright | Local Source

Carulla, Dr. | Physician, Cuban Sanitation [1908] | Local Source

Casas, Manuel | Yellow fever patient [1908] | Local Source

Cascorrcelos, A. B. | Department of Public Health, Mexico [1922] | Local Source

Cassidy, Helen | Corresponded with Hench regarding article for “mayovox” [1953] | Local Source

Castillo, Pablo Ruiz | Yellow fever volunteer [1901] | Local Source

Castillo, Pedro A. | Physician, Vedado, Cuba [1952] | Local Source

Castro, Juan D. | Cuban Official [1940's?] | Local Source

Caswell, Jr., William W. | Correspondent of Hench; took part in Camp Lazear dedication ceremony [1952] | Local Source

Caswell, William | SEE CASWELL, JR., WILLIAM W. |

Cattell, J. McK. | SEE CATTELL, JAMES MCKEEN |

Cattell, James McKeen | Psychologist, Publisher, and Editor; see: http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/jcattell.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Cattell, James McKeen, (1860-1944).

Cavassa, Nicolas | SEE CAVASSA, NICOLAS E. |

Cavassa, Nicolas E. | Physician; involved in yellow fever campaign; Guadalupe (Guadelupe), Peru [1921]; name varies as Nicoles E. Cavassa | Local Source

Caverico, Charles | Retired Congregational minister [1910] | Local Source

Celli, Angelo | (1857-1914) | Italian scientist; pioneered use of quinine | Local Source

Cervantes, Enrique | Physician; Editor, Medicas [journal],”America Clinica”, Inter-American Division, The New York Academy of Medicine | Local Source

Cespedes, Pres. | SEE DE CESPEDES, CARLOS MANUEL |

Chaille, [s.n.] | SEE CHAILLE, STANFORD E. |

Chaille, Stanford E. | Physician; was head of Yellow Fever Commission (1879-1880); see: http://virtualmuseumofhistory.com/stanfordemersonchaille/ | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Chaille, Stanford E. (Stanford Emerson), (1830-1911).

Chaille, Stanford L. | SEE CHAILLE, STANFORD E. |

Chapin, Elizabeth | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Chapman, George E. | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Chapman, Helen | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Charles Scribner’s Sons | Used as Corporate Author; book vendor; see: http://www.galegroup.com/scribners/about.htm | Full LC Authority

Chavez, Camilo | Colonel, Cuban Army Airforce [1948] | Local Source

Chickering, Dr. | Physician, International Health Foundation [1923] | Local Source

Chisholm, Colin | Scottish writer on yellow fever | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Chisholm, Colin (1755-1825).

Chittinden, T. H. | Acting entomologist for L. O. Howard [1901] | Local Source

Chrisman, R. B. | Involved with the Camp Lazear dedication | Local Source

Christensen, Emmy L. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Christian, Henry A. | Physician, Brookline, Massachusettes [1948] | Local Source

Chrystie, Mrs. Percival | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Church, Dr. | Physician, Cuban Sanitation [1908] | Local Source

Church, Martha | Wife of William Church | Local Source

Church, William | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench [1940] | Local Source

Claibourne, W. S. | Reverend; Secretary, The DuBose Memorial Church Training School, Monteagle, Tennessee [1925] | Local Source

Clark, G. Glenwood | Assistant Professor, English and Journalism, College of William & Mary, Williamburg, Virginia [1952] | Local Source

Clark, Herbert C. | Head of the Gorgas Institute [1939] | Local Source

Clark, Hubert Lyman | Contracted yellow fever on a Johns Hopkins research trip to Jamaica [1887] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Clark, Hubert Lyman, (1870-1947).

Clark, Jerome | Captain, Finance Department, Pay & Mileage Division [1939?] | Local Source

Clark, [s.n.] | United States Public Health Service Drainage Engineer (1918-1920′s) | Local Source

Clarke, Taliaferro | United States Public Health Service; research in trachoma and pediatric hygiene | Local Source

Clemons, Harry | Librarian at the University of Virginia (1927-1950) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Clemons, Harry (1879-1968).

Cline, W. G. | United States Public Health employee [1917] | Local Source

Cobb, J. O. | Physician, United States Marine Hospital, Chelsea, Massachusettes [1925] | Local Source

Coello, Carlos | Physician; Acting Assistant Surgeon, The United States Public Health Service; yellow fever public health work in Guyaquil, Ecuador [1923]; name also appears as Carlos V. Coello and Carlos O. Coello | Local Source

Cohn, A. E. | Co-author with Noguchi on paper regarding yellow fever in animals [1921] | Local Source

Colby, John | Private; Camp Columbia volunteer [1900] | Local source

Colby, Newell, R. | Camp Columbia volunteer [1900] | Local Source

Colcord, Mabel | From the Library of Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Department of Agriculture [1942] | Local Source

Coles, Charles H. | Chief of Photo Division, The American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York [1948] | Local Source

Colete, Honorato | Sub-Chief, Cuban Ministry of Public Works; interested in Camp Lazear [1948] | Local Source

College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University | Used as corporate author | Local name used | LC entry is: College of Physicians and Surgeons in the City of New York.

Collins, Paul V. | Journalist; wrote articles on infectious diseases [1925] | Local Source

Colman, Ronald | American actor; see: http://www.mdle.com/ClassicFilms/FeaturedStar/star58.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Colman, Ronald (1891-1958).

Comstock, Charles W. | U. S. businessman(?) in Brazil; doesn’t believe yellow fever vaccination by Dr. Noguchi is necessary in Brazil [1922] | Local Source

Conant, Franklin Story | Naturalist from Johns Hopkins; died of yellow fever on research trip to Jamaica [1897] | Local Source

Conat, Mabel L. | Librarian; Chief, Reference Department, The Public Library, Detroit Michigan [1940]; The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) President (1942-1943) | Local Source

Concheso, Aurelio F. | Cuban Ambassador to the United States (1954) | Local Source

Connal, A. | Physician; Medical Research Institute, Yaba, West Africa [1923] | Local Source

Connor, M. E. | SEE CONNOR, MICHAEL E. |

Connor, Michael E. | Physician; involved with yellow fever work in Ecuador, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Coogle, C. P. | Assistant Sanitary Engineer, United States Public Health Service [1924] | Local Source

Cook, Claude M. | Acting Hospital Steward, was in charge of quarantine, Camp Lazear [1900] | Local Source

Cook, Ella | Contract nurse at Columbia Barracks [1901] | Locaal Source

Cook, Lottie | (1865-1936) ? | Nurse, United States Army; hired to work with yellow fever patients in Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Cook, Robert P. | SEE COOKE, ROBERT P. |

Cooke, Minnie | Contract nurse at Columbia Barracks [1901] |

Cooke, Mr. | Friend of Walter Reed’s at Willet’s Point, New York | Local Source

Cooke, Mrs. Robert P. | Wife of Robert P. Cooke | Local Source

Cooke, Robert P. | (1874-1943) | United States Army medical doctor, yellow fever experiment volunteer, Cuba [1900]; awarded the Congressional Gold Medal of Honor; full name is Robert Powell Page Cooke | Local Source

Cooksley, F. A. | Librarian, Rochester Academy of Medicine, Rochester, New York [1942] | Local Source

Coolidge, Calvin | United States President (1923-1929); Massachusetts Governor (1919-1921) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Coolidge, Calvin (1872-1933).

Copeland, Royal S. | United States Senator for New York (1923-1938) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Copeland, Royal S. (Royal Samuel), (1868-1938).

Coquillett, D. W. | L. O. Howard’s assistant in mosquito research [1900] | Full LC Authority is: Coquillett, D. W. (Daniel William), (1856-1911).

Corbin, H. C. | Adjutant General [1901] | Local Source

Corder, Everett | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Cornell, V. H. | Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, United States Army; associated with the American Registry of Pathology, National Research Council | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Cornell, Virgil H. (Virgil Heath), (1890-1954).

Cornwall, Luther M. | Bookseller: Luther M. Cornwall, Co. | Local Source

Cornwell, Dean | Painter of “Conquerors of Yellow Fever” [1941] | Local Source

Coroalles, [s.n.] | Brother of Elida Moran | Local Source

Corona, Luis Villalobos | Yellow fever patient in Colima, Mexico [1923] | Local Source

Correspondent to the Journal of the American Medical Association | “Regular Correspondent,” specific name unknown [1922] | Local Source

Corrigan, John P. | Worked under Hanson with Rockefeller Yellow Fever Commission in Peru [1921] | Local Source

Corrigan, Joseph A. | Sanitary inspector; contracted yellow fever [1905] | Local Source

Cortelyou, George Bruce | Secretary to the President [1902] | Full LC Authority is: Cortelyou, George B. (George Bruce), (1862-1940).

Cose, John | American? seaman who contracted yellow fever mysteriously [1922] | Local Source

Councilman, [s.n.] | Professor at Hopkins? [1906] | Local Source

Cousin Ellen | wife/sister (?) of Harry Turnbull | Local Source

Cousin Harry | SEE TURNBULL, HARRY |

Cousin Jess | SEE LAZEAR, JESSE T. |

Coville, Frederick V. | Botanist, United States Department of Agriculture, corresponded with Mrs. Reed [1929] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Coville, Frederick V. (Frederick Vernon), (1867-1937).

Covington, Albert W. | (1877 – 1934) | Army private; yellow fever volunteer; see also Covington, A.W., full name is Albert Wall Covington; was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal of Honor | Local Source

Cowley, R. F. | Associated with the clinical lab of Dr. Alberto Recio, Havana, Cuba [1940] | Local Source

Cox, [s.n.] | Tennessee judge; popularized Walter Reed [1927] | Local Source

Cox, Wesley, C. | Major, Medical Army Corps, United States; gave a lecture on Walter Reed [1935] | Local Source

Craig, [s.n.] | Physician; suggested to Gorgas to act as Chief of Laboratory, Canal Zone Department of Health [1936] | Local Source

Crain, Darrell C. | Physician, Washington, D.C.; acquaintance of Philip Showalter Hench [1942] | Local Source

Crain, Earl T. | First Secretary to Ambassador Beaulac; involved with the Camp Lazear dedication [1953] | Local Source

Crane, C. H. | Assistant Surgeon General [1874]; also known as “C.H.C.” | Full LC Authority is: Crane, Charles Henry, (1825-1883).

Crane, J. W. | Alumni Director, Medical School, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada [1941] | Local Source

Creek, R. H. | SEE CREEL, RICHARD H. |

Creel, R. H. | Assistant Surgeon General, United States; wrote “Outbreak and Suppression of Plague in Porto Rico,” Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913 (see http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/booksdocs/spanam/gillett3/bib.htm); more complete name is Richard H.. Creel | Local Source

Crenshaw, John L. | Physician; St. Mary’s Hospital, Rochester Minnesota [1938]; Alumnus of the University of Virginia | Local Source

Crenshaw, [s.n.] | SEE CRENSHAW, JOHN L. |

Cresne, Ralph N. | Physician, State Health Officer, State Board of Health, Jacksonville, Florida [1920] | Local Source

Croasdale, Bill | Has copies of the “You Are There” program re. the conquest of yellow fever [1953] | Local Source

Croll, J. M. | Patient who died of yellow fever in Puerto Rico [1916] | Local Source

Crook, General | General who warned Reed not to take in “Susie,” the abandoned Native American Indian girl. (1870′s-1880′s) | Local Source

Cross, Dr. | Died of yellow fever in Mexico [1921] | Local Source

Cross, H. M. | Employee of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York, New York [1940] | Local Source

Crossby, [s.n.] | Major and Surgeon, U.S.A. [1902] | Local Source

Crowell, M. B. | Editor, Thomas Nelson & Sons publishers | Local Source

Cruse, Thomas | Second Lieutenant, 6th U.S. Cavalry; friend of Walter Reed’s at Fort Apache | Local Source

Cruz, Oswaldo | Physician; responsible for sanitary work against yellow fever in Rio de Janiero, Brazil [1909]; see: http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/oswald.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Cruz, Oswaldo (1872-1917).

Cuaron, Alfredo | Physician; worked on yellow fever campaign in Mexico [1922] | Local Source

Cudlipp, J. S. | Secretary to the General Manager, United Fruit Company | Local Source

Cullom, Shelby M. | United States Senator (1883-1913) and Representative (1873-1874) from Illinois | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Cullom, Shelby M. (Shelby Moore), (1829-1914) |

Cullom, [s.n.] | SEE CULLOM, SHELBY M. |

Cumming, Dr. | SEE CUMMING, HUGH S. |

Cumming, Hugh S. | Surgeon General of the Public Health Service (1920-1936) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Cumming, Hugh S. (Hugh Smith), (1869-1948).

Cumming, Hugh Smith | SEE CUMMING, HUGH S. |

Cumming, James G. | Lieutenant Colonel, United States Medical Corps, Army Medical School, Washington, D. C. [1920] | Local Source

Cumpston, J. H. L. | Director-General of Health, Commonwealth of Australia [1925] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Cumpston, J. H. L. (John Howard Lidgett), (1880-1954).

Cunningham, A. B. | Landowner and landlord, Brunswick County, Virginia [1917] | Local Source

Cunningham, Eileen R. | Friend of the Reeds; founded the Cunningham Classification of Medical Literature. | Full LC is: Cunningham, Eileen R. (Eileen Roach), (1894-1965).

Cunningham, Hugh | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Curie, Marie | Scientist | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Curie, Marie, (1867-1934).

Curjel, Dagman F. | Scientist; wrote Diagnosis and Treatment of H. T. and M. T. Fevers [1921] | Local Source

Curl, [s.n.] | Worked with Gorgas in the Canal Zone | Local Source

Curry, D. P. | Physician, worked in the Panama Canal Zone as Acting Chief Health Officer [1922] | Local Source

Curry, [s.n.] | SEE CURRY, D. P. |

Cushing, Harvey | Surgeon-in-Chief, Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [1925]; Physician/Surgeon, Baltimore, Maryland [1907] | Local Source

Custodief, Satrice (?) | Worked in the Office of the Special Commisioner, National Department of Sanitation, Republic of Cuba | Local Source

Dabney, A. S. | Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, United States Army [1938] | Local Source

Dabney, M. Y. | Editor, Journal of the Southern Medical Association [1923] | Local Source

Daly, James | Secretary Entertainment Committee, St. Paul, Minnesota [1901] | Local Source

Dalzell, John | United States Representative from Pennsylvania (1887-1913); Instrumental in getting Annuity Bill passed for Lazear-Carroll widows [1908]; see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000016 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Dalzell, John, (1845-1927).

Dampf, Alfons | Physician?, Escuela Nacional De Sciencias, Mexico | Local Source

Daniel, May | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Daniel, W. M. | SEE DANIEL, WALTER M. |

Daniel, Walter M. | United Fruit Company, Havana Division, Havana, Cuba [1923] | Local Source

Danziger, Alfred | Acquaintance of Philip Showalter Hench [1942] | Local Source

Darling, Samuel Taylor | Pathologist, worked with the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board in the early 1900′s and with the United States Public Health Service in the 1920′s. | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Darling, Samuel Taylor, (1872-1925).

Darnall, C. R. | United States General [1930's ?] | Local Source

Darragh, A. B. | Member of Congress from Michigan [1901] | Local Source

Dart, Raymond O. | Brigadier General/Colonel, Medical Corps Director, Army Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. [1948] | Local Source

Davenport, Frederick Morgan | United States Congressman for New York (1925-1933) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Davenport, Frederick Morgan, (1866-1956).

Davenport, [s.n.] | SEE DAVENPORT, FREDERICK MORGAN |

Davis, Gen. | SEE DAVIS, GEORGE W. |

Davis, George W. | Governor of Canal Zone [1905] | Local Source

Davis, H. A. | SEE DAVIS, HARRY A. |

Davis, Harry A. | Major, United States Army; associated with the Army Medical Museum; name may also appear as H. A. Davis [1940] | Local Source

Davis, Horace W. | Trustee for Washington and Jefferson College [1940] | Local Source

Davis, John G. | Chief Sanitary Officer of Havana [1899] | Local Source

Davis, John Staige | Professor of Anatomy, University of Virginia (1893-19??); President, Medical Society of Virginia [1924] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Davis, John Staige, (1866-1933).

Davis, W. B. | Officer, United States Army Medical Corps.; Sanitary Officer for Havana; pallbearer at Walter Reed’s funeral [1902] | Local Source

Davis, William T. | Physician; full name is William Thornwall Davis | Local Source

Davison, Wilburt C. | Office of the Dean, School of Medicine, Duke University, North Carolina [1931] | Local Source

Dawley, Frank M. | Volunteer in the yellow fever experiment [1900] | Local Source

Dawson, Lord | President, Royal College of Physicians, (1931-19??) | Local Source

De Cardenas, Pedro Machado | Cuban physician; Editor for the Review of Military Sanitation (Revista de la Sanidad Militar), [1941] | Local Source

De Cardenas, Raul | Vice President, Cuba [1948] | Local Source

De Castro, Raimundo | Involved with Camp Lazear dedication; Alumnus of Columbia University | Local Source

De Cespedes, Carlos Manuel | President of Cuba | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Câespedes y Quesada, Carlos Manuel de, (1871-1939).

De Kruif, Paul | Author of Microbe Hunters and play Yellow Jack with Sidney Howard | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: De Kruif, Paul, (1890-1971).

De Lamar, Henry | Camp Columbia volunteer [1900] | Local Source

de Long, Charley L. | Contracted yellow fever [1900] | Local Source

de Niedman, W. F. | Army Physician, Cuba [ca 1898], corresponded with Kean [1929] | Local Source

de Schweinitz, E. A. | Doctor | Local Source

Dean, E. R. | Kissinger’s physician; evaluated him for pension relief [1907] | Local Source

Dean-Throckmorton, Jeanette | Medical Librarian [1926?] | Local Source

Dean, William H. | (1877-1928) | Army private; yellow fever volunteer; full name William Hanaford Dean; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

DeCoursey, Elbert | (1902-1994) | Pathologist; United States Army Officer, Major General, See: (http://www.interment.net/data/us/tx/bexar/ftsamnat/d/ft_sam_d05.htm) and http://www.uky.edu/Alumni/TextOnly/alumnihall/decourseyE.htm | Local Source

Deeks, Mrs. | Wife of William E. Deeks | Local Source

Deeks, W. E. | SEE DEEKS, WILLIAM E. |

Deeks, William E. | Physician; Manager, Medical Dept., United Fruit Company [1925]; name varies as W. E. Deeks | Local Source

del Barrio, P. | Superintendant, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama [1909] | Local Source

del Valle, J. A. Lopez | SEE LOPEZ DEL VALLE, JOSE A. |

Deland, Margaret | SEE DELAND, MARGARET WADE CAMPBELL |

Deland, Margaret Wade Campbell | American author; also appears as Deland, Margaret | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Deland, Margaret Wade Campbell, (1857-1945).

Delaney, M. A. | Associated with The Field Artillery School, Station Hospital, Fort Sill, Oklahoma [1925] | Local Source

Delgado | SEE DELGADO, CLAUDIO |

Delgado, Abelardo | Son of Claudio Delgado | Local Source

Delgado, Claudio | Cuban physician and disciple of Finlay [1897] | Local Source

Delgado, Dolores Alonso viuda de | Wife of Claudio Delgado | Local Source

Delgado, [s.n.] | SEE DELGADO, CLAUDIO |

Denby, Edwin | United States Congressional Representative from Michigan (1905-1911) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Denby, Edwin, (1870-1929).

Denno, S. J. | Physician with Standard Oil Company (1922-1923) | Local Source

Denny, Mr. | Introduced House of Representatives Bill 13639 regarding pension for Mabel H. Lazear to Congress [1901] | Local Source

Derby, George | Managing Editor, James T. White & Co., New York, New York [1915] | Local Source

Derivaux, R. C. | Vanderbilt Professor; involved in the Office of Malarial Investigations, United States Marine Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana [1917] | Local Source

Devereux, [s.n.] | Commanded Ambulance Service, France, [1917] | Local Source

Deveze, Jean | French physician practicing in the West Indies. Treated diseases with a modern/scientific approach [1793]. See: http://www.geocities.com/bobarnebeck/deveze.html | Full LC is: Devèze, Jean.

Dewey, J. O. | Scientist; wrote Diagnosis and Treatment of H. T. and M. T. Fevers [1921] | Local Source

DeWitt, Calvin | U.S. Colonel; Assistant Surgeon General [1902] | Local Source

DeWitt, Dr. | SEE DEWITT, CALVIN |

Diaz, Alva | Physician, involved with the public health of yellow fever work in Peru [1921] | Local Source

Dick, Charles | United States Congressman from Ohio (1898-1904) and United States Senator from Ohio (1904-1911); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000302 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Dick, Charles, (1858-1945). Full name is Charles William Frederick Dick.

Dickinson, Robert L. | Physician, Brooklyn City Hospital, New York [1906] | Local Source

Dickson, John | Managing Editor, The National Cyclopedia of American Biography [1939] | Local Source

Dieterich, Dr. | Worked on International Health Board, leptospira experiments [1923] | Local Source

Dieterich, [s.n.] | SEE DIETERICH, DR. |

Dimock, Mrs. Edward J. | John R. Bullard’s sister [1941] | Local Source

Direccion de Salubridad | Lima, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Director of Public Health | Lima, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Dirk, Senator | United States Senator [1906] | Local Source

Dodge, Col. | Chief paymaster in Cuba; recovered from yellow fever [1900] | Local Source

Dodge, Douglas R. | Physician, Las Encimas Sanitarium, Pasadena, California | Local Source

Dominguez, Panchon | Physician, Cuba; fervent defender of Finlay; could be variant of Francisco Domingues Roldan | Local Source

Dominguez Roldan, Alfredo | SEE DOMINGUEZ [ROLDAN], FRANCISCO |

Dominguez [Roldan], Francisco | (1864-1942) | Cuban physician; biographer of Finlay; named varies as Francisco Dominguez Roldan; he mainly goes by Francisco Dominguez | Local Source

Dominguez, Tecla Boffil viuda de | Wife of Francisco Dominguez [Roldan] [1942] | Local Source

Donnally, H. H. | Physician; involved with Reed Memorial; more complete name is Harry H. Donnally [1907] | Local Source

Donnally, [s.n.] | SEE DONNALLY, H. H. |

Doty, Alvah H. | Physician; presented paper at the American Public Health Conference entitled “Practical Discussion of Yellow Fever” emphasizing the need to change quarantine regulations with yellow fever in light of the recent findings by Reed [1901] | Local Source

Dougherty, James T. | New York supplier of animals to Reed and the New York Board of Health | Local Source

Dougherty, Jr., T. H., | Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [1935] | Local Source

Dowling, Oscar | Physician; President and Executive Officer, Louisiana State Board of Health [1917] | Local Source

Downing, Charles | Captain, Q.M.R.C. [1918] | Local Source

Doyle, Capt. | Officer, Ambulance Service, France [1917] | Local Source

Draper, W. F. | Acting Surgeon-General, United States Public Health Service; full name may be Warren F. Draper | Local Source

Driscoll, Daniel L. | Infected with yellow fever by Ames at Ft. McIntosh, Texas | Local Source

Driscoll, Mary G. | Aunt of Philip Showalter Hench; also known as “Auntie Gie” | Local Source

Dublin, [s.n.] | United States Public Health Service Statistician [1918] | Local Source

Duffield, M. P. | From Hardsocg Manufacturing Company [1907] | Local Source

Dunn, L. H. | SEE DUNN, LAWRENCE H. |

Dunn, Lawrence H. | Researcher with Rockefeller Foundation regarding yellow fever work done in West Africa, [1927] | Local Source

Dunshie, J. F. | Physician [1901] | Local Source

Dunster, Edward S. | Professor of Obstetrics at the University of Michigan [1874] | Full LC Authority is: Dunster, Edward S. (Edward Swift), (1834-1888).

Duque, Dr. | Cuban physician, defender of Finlay [1927] | Local Source

Durham, Herbert E. | (1866-1945) | English physician from the University of Liverpool studying tropical diseases [1900] |

Dutcher, Maj. | Physician, San Juan PR Military Hospital [1916] | Local Source

Dyar, Harrison G. | Biologist; entomologist | Full LC Authority is: Dyar, Harrison G. (Harrison Gray), (1866-1929).

Early, Jubal | SEE EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON |

Early, Jubal Anderson | Civil War personage associated with Reed as a child | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Early, Jubal Anderson, (1816-1894).

Echeverria, J. R. | SEE ECHEVERRIA, JOSE R. |

Echeverria, Jose R. | Physician: Havana, Cuba; took part in Camp Lazear dedication ceremony; University of Maryland graduate. [1952] | Local Source

Echeverria, Rafael F. | SEE ECHEVERRIA RAFAEL T. |

Echeverria, Rafael T. | Major, United States Surgeon, Sanitary Officer and Army Officer in Cuba [1900]; played a part in rental of Camp Lazear site | Local Source

Eckman, James | Head of Editorial Department, Mayo Clinic [1951] | Local Source

Editor | New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal | Local Source

Edmunds, Major | United States Army; died of yellow fever in Cuba, more complete name is Frank H. Edmunds [1900] | Local Source

Edmunds, Mrs. | Wife of Major Edmunds; recovered from yellow fever [1900] | Local Source

Edmundson, Frank | Physician, Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh [1941] | Local Source

Edmundson, Sue | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench; wife of Frank Edmundson [1941] |

Edsall, David L. | Physician; Dean of the Harvard University Medical School [1924] | Local Source

Edwards, Major | Died of yellow fever in Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Edwards, Mrs. | Woman cared for at Camp Columbia by a supposedly immune female nurse who then contracted yellow fever; probably the wife of Major Edwards | Local Source

Edwards, [s.n.] | Acquaintance of Gorgas [1906] | Local Source

Elchinger, Charles F. | Purser, United Fruit Company Steamship Service, Medical Department (Report of Death Document, 1923); name appears as Chas. F. Elchinger | Local Source

Eliot, Charles William | President of Harvard University (1869-1909) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Eliot, Charles William, (1834-1926).

Eliot, Chas W. | SEE ELIOT, CHARLES WILLIAM |

Elizalde, Rafael H. | [1916] | Local Source

Elliott, Charles A. | Physician; wrote The Clinical Manifestations of Yellow Fever as Observed in Guayaquil in 1918 [1919] | Local Source

Elliott, Lillian M. | Principal of Harlem Evening High School For Women [1927] |

Ellis, C. H. | Manager, United Fruit Company [1923] |

Elmore, Vincent M. | Army Attache to Ambassador Beaulac; involved with the Camp Lazear dedication [1953] | Local Source

England, Thomas M. | (1876-1943) | Army private; yellow fever volunteer; full name Thomas Marcus England; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Ennis, T. James | Manager, Hotel Nacional de Cuba, Havana [1947] | Local Source

Ernst, Harold C. | President of the Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists, Harvard University Medical School, Boston [1908] | Local Source

Esmey, Kindall | Student, Woodrow Wilson Junior High School, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Espinosa y G. Caceres, Luis | Physician; Director de la Division de Relaciones, Medicas y Sanitarias Panamericanas, Instituto Finlay, La Habana, Cuba [1945] | Local Source

Estrada Palma, Tomas | Cuban revolutionist and first president (1902–1906) of Cuba. | Full LC Authority is: Palma, Tom’as Estrada, (1835–1908).

Exposito, Cesar Rodriguez | SEE RODRIGUEZ EXPOSITO, CESAR |

Ezdorf, R. H. von | SEE VON EZDORF, RUDOLPH H. |

Faget, Jr., Charles | Yellow fever patient of Henry Rose Carter; died September 11, 1898 | Local Source

Fairchild, Jr., D. S. | Lieutenant Colonel, United States Medical Corps [1921] | Local Source

Fallon, John | Physician; Surgeon; Fallon Clinic, Worcester, Massachusetts [1942] | Local Source

Fanning, [s.n.] | Private, Hospital Corps; assisted in the care of yellow fever victims, Columbia Barracks, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Farnum, J. L. | Secretary to the Librarian of Congress [1928] | Local Source

Farshish, P. | Criticized Kelly for not mentioning Talmudic Works which show reference to the spread of disease by insects [1905] | Local Source

Fauntleroy, P. C. | Major, United States Army Medical Corps [1908] | Local Source

Felt, John P. | Reported on yellow fever cases in West Africa [1923] | Local Source

Feraud, Beranger | SEE BERENGER-FERAUD, DR. |

Ferguson, [s.n.] | Civilian clerk employed by the United States Army in Cuba; died of yellow fever [1900] | Local Source

Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo | 16th century explorer; writer on the West Indies | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo, (1478-1557). |

Fernandez, Felix E. | Physician, Havana, Cuba [1940] | Local Source

Fernandez, Fernando Lopez | Director, Las Animas Hospital [1948] | Local Source

Fernandez, Jose N. | Spanish volunteer in yellow fever experiment [1900] | Local Source

Fernandez, Nicanor | Spanish volunteer in yellow fever experiments [1900, 1901] | Local Source

Ferrell, John A. | Physician; Member, National Malaria Commission [1924]; Officer of the International Health Board? | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ferrell, John A. (John Atkinson), (1880-1965).

Ferrer, Bartolome | Rented part of San Jose Farm [1905] | Local Source

Ferris, Dr. | Wrote report of cases of yellow fever in Ouidah, West Africa [1923] | Local Source

Ffirth, Stubbins | Researcher at University of Pennsylvania; nearly proved inoculation of yellow fever virus provides immunity [1804] | Local Source

Figueroa, Estanislao Pardo | President, Academy of Medicine in Lima, Peru (1919-1921) | Local Source

Finlay, Carlos E. | Physician; son of Carlos J. Finlay | Local Source

Finlay, Carlos J. | Cuban physician; a lieutenant; biographical information can be found at: http://www.finlay-online.com/welcome/whowasdrfinlay.htm; | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Finlay, Carlos Juan, (1833-1915).

Finlay, Carlos Juan | SEE FINLAY, CARLOS J. |

Finlay, Frank | Son of Carlos Finlay | Local Source

Finlay Institute | Institute concerned with public health in Cuba; see http://www.finlay-online.com/finlayinstitute/ | Local Source

Fishback, Dorothy | Student, Woodrow Wilson Junior High School, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Fishback, Mary | Assistant, Reference Department, Indianapolis Public Library [1940] | Local Source

Fishbein, Morris | Physician; Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association (1924-1949) see: http://social-sciences.uchicago.edu/fishbein/people/morris.htm; Editor of Hygeia [1941] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Fishbein, Morris, (1889-1976).

Fisher, H. C. | Chief Health Officer [1919] | Local Source

Fisher, L. M. | Association Sanitary Engineer, Publich Health Service [1921] | Local Source

Fisher, [s.n.] | United States Army Medical Corps. [1917] | Local Source

Flannagan, Roy K. | Physician; Virginia State Board of Health [1917] | Local Source

Fleming, Bradford | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Fletcher, Anne | Richmond, Virginia portrait artist [1907] | Local Source

Fletcher, C. C. | Associate Chemist, Soil Fertility Investigations, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, United States Department of Agriculture [1929] | Local Source

Flexner, Simon | Physician; Professor, Johns Hopkins University, [1902]; member, Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board (1917-1919); biographer of W.H. Welch | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Flexner, Simon, (1863-1946).

Flint, Jr. Austin | (1836-1915) | Professor of physiology at the Medical College in New York | Local Source

Flippin, James Carroll | Acting Dean of the Department of Medicine at the University of Virginia and then Dean of the Department of Medicine at the University of Virginia from 1928 until his death on February 16, 1939 | Local Source

Folk, Levi | SEE FOLK, LEVI E. |

Folk, Levi E. | (1870-1936) | Army private; yellow fever volunteer; full name is Levi Everett Folk; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Foltz, Capt. | Officer, Second Calvary, United States Army, Cuba [1901] | Local Source

Fontaine, Katherine | Henry Rose Carter’s niece [1924] | Local Source

Fontaine, Louise | Henry Rose Carter’s sister [1924] | Local Source

Fontleroy, Dr. | Captain, United States Army Medical Corps; Advisor to the Sanitary Dept. of Cuba [1908] | Local Source

Forbes, Alice | Mother of Wallace W. Forbes who was a yellow fever experiment survivor; Chicago, Illinois [1942] | Local Source

Forbes, Mrs. | SEE FORBES, ALICE |

Forbes, Wallace | SEE FORBES, WALLACE W. |

Forbes, Wallace W. | (1878-1948) | Army private; yellow fever volunteer; full name is Wallace Wellington Forbes; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Force, Edith R. | Science Department, Wilson Junior High School, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Formento, Felix | New Orleans physician who did not accept Reed’s mosquito threory [1901] | Full LC is: Formento, Felix, (1837-1907).

Forns, Alberto Recio | Cuban Physician [1944] | Local Source

Fors, Alberto J. | Agriculture Department, Cuba [1941] | Local Source

Forwood, [s.n.] | SEE FORWOOD, WILLIAM H. |

Forwood, William H. | (1838-1915) | United States Army Surgeon General [1902]; full name is William Henry Forwood; see: http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/tsgs/Forwood.htm | Local Source

Fosdick, Harry Emerson |Minister, New York City Riverside Church; orator; worked with Peabody to publicize Reed [1920's] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Fosdick, Harry Emerson, (1878-1969).

Foster, J. G. | Assistant Sanitary Engineer, United States Public Health Service [1924] | Local Source

Fowler, George | On General Lee’s staff [1899] | Local Source

Fowler, J. K. | Chairman, Yellow Fever Commission | Full name is Fowler, James Kingston | Local Source

Fox, Carroll | Assistant Surgeon, United States Public Health Service; entomologist specializing in fleas [1920's] | Local Source

Franck, Lillie W. | Wife of William R. Franck, Washington, D.C. [1948] | Local Source

Franco, Roberto | Physician; President, National Academy of Medicine, Columbia [1923] | Local Source

Franklin, Maj. | Officer, Ambulance Service, France [1917] | Local Source

Fransway, Arlyne C. | George E. Armstrong’s Secretary [1952] | Local Source

Frederick, Doris | Library of Congress employee, 1930 | Local Source

Freeman, Douglas | SEE FREEMAN, DOUGLAS SOUTHALL |

Freeman, Douglas Southall | Ph.D. Historian; Wrote editorial for the Richmond News Leader and became its editor in 1915 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Freeman, Douglas Southall, (1886-1953).

Freer, Harry L. | Chief Clerk, Office of the Chief of Engineers, War Department, United States Army [1941] | Local Source

Freire, Domingos | Bacteriologist, Brazil [1898] | Local Source

Freire, Dr. | SEE FREIRE, DOMINGOS |

Freyberg, R. H. | Physician, Rheumatology, Ann Arbor, Michigan [1941] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Freyberg, Richard H., (1904- ).

Fricks, L. D. | SEE FRICKS, LUNSFORD D. |

Fricks, Lunsford D. | Physician, Public Health Service Administrator [1920's] | Local Source

Froes, J. A. G. | Brazilian scientist; wrote The Etiology of Yellow Fever [1923] | Local Source

Frost. Dr. | SEE FROST, WADE HAMPTON |

Frost, Mrs. | SEE FROST, SUSAN HAXALL |

Frost, Susan | SEE PARRISH, SUSAN FROST |

Frost, Susan Haxall | Wife of Wade Hampton Frost [1923] | Local Source

Frost, W. H. | SEE FROST, WADE HAMPTON |

Frost, Wade H. | SEE FROST, WADE HAMPTON |

Frost, Wade Hampton | Physician, epidemiologist, was on faculty at Johns Hopkins University, edited Carter’s manuscript, [1928]; name varies as Wade H. Frost and W. H. Frost | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Frost, Wade Hampton, (1880-1938).

Frothingham, Louis Adams | (1871-1928) | United States Congressman; Representative from Massachusetts (1921-1928) | Local Source

Frye, G. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Fuchs, A. W. | Sanitary Engineer; United States Publich Health Service [1924] | Local Source

Fuente, Jose | Spanish volunteer in the yellow fever experiments [1901] | Local Source

Fulton, John S. | Physician; Secretary, State Board of Health of Maryland [1907] | Local Source

Furbush, [s.n.] | Gorgas wanted him as Health Officer of Panama [1905] | Local Source

Furnas, Joseph C. | Author, wrote article in Saturday Evening Post about John J. Moran [1939] | Local Source

Gage, E. H. | Involved in Malaria control work (1921-1923) | Local Source

Galbreath, R. S. | Physician, Huntington, Indiana [1941] | Local Source

Galindo, Miguel | Performed autopsy on Luis Villalobos Corona [1923] | Full LC is: Galindo, Miguel, (1883-1942).

Gandy, Charles M. | Acting Surgeon General [1913] | Local Source

Garcia, Pablo Isaac | The Alabama Photo Studios, Havana, Cuba [1941] | Local Source

Gardiner, J. S. | Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department [1925] | Local Source

Gardner, W. J. | Wrote History of Jamaica [1873] | Full LC is: Gardner, W. J. (William James), (1825-1874).

Gatewood, Charles B. | Captain, 6th United States Cavalry, Fort Apache [1879] | Full LC Authority

Gawne, J. O. | Bureau of Construction and Repair, Navy Department, Washington, D.C. [1926] | Local Source

Gawne, Mrs. | Niece of Jesse Lazear; gave Philip Showalter Hench access to Lazear letters | Local Source

Geddings, Henry Downes | Physician with the Public Health Sevice; attacked Reed’s paper [1900] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Geddings, Henry Downes, (1859-1913).

Geiger, J. C. | Assistant Epidemiologist, United States Public Health Service [1919] | Local Source

Gelhardt, William | Found guilty of joining a mutiny at Columbia Barracks, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Georgia. State Board of Health | Used as “author” for general documents emanating from this office | Full LC Authority

Gere, Herbert | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Geronimo | Native American Indian Chief; chased by Reed in 1878 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Geronimo, (1829-1909).

Getman, F. H. | Ph.D., Department of Chemistry, Stamford High School [1907] | Local Source

Gibson, John M. | Writer/Researcher; Department of Public Health, State of Alabama [1951]; Gibson wrote four books and more than 45 articles on subjects including military and medical history. Titles include: Physician to the World: the Life of General William C. Gorgas; Soldier in White: the Life of General George Miller Sternberg; Soldiers of the Word: the Story of the American Bible Society; and Those 163 Days: a Southern Account of Sherman’s March from Atlanta to Raleigh. | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Gibson, John M. (John Mendinghall), (1898-1966).

Giddings, Dr. | SEE GEDDINGS, HENRY DOWNES |

Gilchrist, H. L. | SEE GILCHRIST, HARRY L. |

Gilchrist, Harry L. | Major General, United States Army; participated in Carroll’s typhoid experiment [1904] | Local Source

Gill, C. A. | Author of  The Relation of Malaria to Altitude [1923] | Local Source

Gill, Robert S. | Treasurer, The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland [1941] | Local Source

Gillan, Mrs. | SEE GILLEN, ELLA M. |

Gillen, Ella M.| Contract nurse at Columbia Barracks [1900] |

Gillen, Mrs. | SEE GILLEN, ELLA M. |

Gillette, Alice M. | Contract nurse at Columbia Barracks [1900] |

Gilman, Daniel C. | SEE GILMAN, DANIEL COIT |

Gilman, Daniel Coit | First President of Johns Hopkins University (1875-1901); name also appears as D. C. Gilman | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Gilman, Daniel Coit, (1831-1908).

Gilman, Dr. | SEE GILMAN, DANIEL COIT |

Gilman, John Abbott | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Gilman, [s.n.] | SEE GILMAN, DANIEL COIT |

Ginty, Lt. | United States Army, Cuba [1901] | Local Source

Girard, Stephen | (1750-1831) | Wealthy businessman; assisted victims during yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia. See: http://www.ushistory.org/girard/ | Local Source

Giraud, John J. | Physician, Baltimore, Md., thought to have found a cure for yellow fever [1806] | Full LC is: Giraud, John James (1759-1839).

Girault, Phoebe | Contract nurse at Columbia Barracks [1900] | Local Source

Glennan, A. H. | Acting Surgeon General [1915]; Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Office of the Surgeon General | Local Source

Goddard, Calvin H. | Associated with Henry Rose Carter [1923] | Local Source

Godfrey, E. S. | SEE GODFREY, EDWARD SETTLE |

Godfrey, Edward Settle | Major, 7th Cavalry. Father of Guy C. M. Godfrey | Full LC is: Godfrey, Edward Settle, (1843-1932).

Godfrey, Guy Charles Moore | Colonel; United States Army Surgeon; accused of incompetence in yellow fever cases by Reed; committed suicide according to Philip Showalter Hench (letter to Thomas J. Michie, dated February 27, 1942); name varies as Guy C.M. Godfrey | Local Source

Goethals, George W. | Engineer for Panama Canal | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Goethals, George W. (George Washington), (1858-1928).

Goethals, George Washington | SEE GOETHALS, GEORGE W. |

Goldbacher, N. V. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] |

Goldberger, Joseph | Doctor, United States Public Health Service | Full LC is: Goldberger, Joseph, (1874-1929).

Goldberger, Mrs. | She received a pension because her husband gave life in research of spotted fever [1929] | Local Source

Goldthwait, [s.n.] | United States Army Medical Corps, Washington [1917] | Local Source

Goldwater, S. S. | Physician; Mount Sinai Hospital; NY Commissioner of Hospitals [1944]; “Pioneer of modern hospital administration”; see: http://www.mssm.edu/library/services/archives_collections/director-his.shtml | Local Source

Gomez, Federico | Cuban; Bestov Products Worker, Marianao [1941] | Local Source

Gomez, Ramon | Infected with yellow fever, he traveled on the U.S.S. Julia to San Juan, Puerto Rico, passing through quarantine [1908] | Local Source

Gonzales, Eladio | Brother of Garrido and Juan; Owner of Camp Lazear site when memorial was built; purchased land from Adran Macia | Local Source

Gonzales, Garrido | Brother of Eladio and Juan; Owner of Camp Lazear site when memorial was built; purchased land from Adran Macia | Local Source

Gonzales, Juan | Brother of Eladio and Garrido; Owner of Camp Lazear site when memorial was built; purchased land from Adran Macia | Local Source

Gonzalez, Adolfo | Physician, Havana, Cuba | Local Source

Gonzalez, Francisco | Mayor of Marianao, Cuba; unveiled plaque of Lazear at Camp Lazear Dedication [1952] | Local Source

Gooch, Robert C. | Chief of the Book Service, The Reading Rooms, The Library of Congress, United States [1941] | Local Source

Good, James W. | (1866-1929) | Secretary of War [1929]; United States Representative from Iowa (1909-1921); Full name is James William Good; see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000275 | Local Source

Goodale, Capt. | Quartermaster at Camp Columbia [1900] | Local Source

Goodwin, [s.n.] | United States Army Medical Corps, Washington [1917] | Local Source

Gordon, [s.n.] | Public Health Administrator General of San Jacinto, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Gorgas, Aileen | Daughter of William and Marie Gorgas | Local Source

Gorgas, Marie A. | SEE GORGAS, MARIE D. |

Gorgas, Marie D. | Mrs. William Crawford Gorgas; appears also as Gorgas, Mrs.; wrote book William Crawford Gorgas, His Life and Work with Burton J. Hendrick | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Gorgas, Marie D. (Maried Doughty), ( -1929).

Gorgas, Mary G. | Sister of William Crawford Gorgas | Local Source

Gorgas, William Crawford | Surgeon General of the United States Army (1914-1918); see: http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/tsgs/Gorgas.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Gorgas, William Crawford, (1854-1920).

Gould, Alice Bache | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Gould, George M. | Philadelphia Physician [1929] | Local Source

Gouzien, Dr. | Physician/researcher; wrote article on yellow fever diagnosis [1922] | Local Source

Gouzien, [s.n.] | SEE GOUZIEN, DR. |

Grable, [s.n.] | SEE GREBLE, EDWIN ST. JOHN |

Graham, [s.n.] | Patient of Lambert’s; name varies as “Grayham” | Local Source

Graham, Wallace H. | United States General; White House Physician (1945-1953) | Local Source

Grant, III, Ulysses Simpson | SEE GRANT, U. S. |

Grant, U. S. | Third Ulysses S. Grant; President of the National Council for Historic Sites and Buildings | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Grant, U. S. (Ulysses S.), (1881-1968).

Grant, Ulysses S. | President, United States (1869-1877); General (1843-54, 1861-68); Interim Secretary of War, (1867-68); see: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ug18.html, http://www.lib.siu.edu/projects/usgrant/ andhttp://www.mscomm.com/~ulysses/ | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Grant, Ulysses S. (Ulysses Simpson), (1822-1885).

Grau San Martin, Ramon | President, Cuba, (1933-34, 1944-48); Professor of Medicine at the University of Havana; see: http://www.library.miami.edu/chc/rep_grau.html and http://www.encyclopedia.com/printablenew/19595.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Grau San Martâin, Ramâon, (1887-1969).

Gray, C. S. | Trust Officer, “Lazear and Orr” [1904] | Local Source

Gray, Mrs. | Nurse in Cuba [1900]; Secretary of the U.S.W.N. [1941] | Local Source

Gray, [s.n.] | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench [1940] | Local Source

Greathouse, Charles A. | Appears as an Indiana Congressman, but according to the United States Congressional Website there is no Greathouse | Local Source

Greble, Edwin St. John | Major General, United States Army; see: http://www.arlingtoncemetery.com/e-greble.htm | Local Source

Greble, Maj. | SEE GREBLE, EDWIN ST. JOHN |

Greene, Francis V. | General, United States Army [1899]; NYPD Commissioner (1903-1904) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Greene, F. V. (Francis Vinton), (1850-1921).

Greenleaf, Charles R. | Major and surgeon, United States Army [1887] | Full LC is: Greenleaf, Charles R. (Charles Ravenscroft), (1838-1911).

Gridley, Marion E. | Secretary of the Awards Committee for the Walter Reed Society | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Gridley, Marion Eleanor, (1906- ).

Griffitts, Dr. | SEE GRIFFITTS, T. H. D. |

Griffitts, H. D. | SEE GRIFFITTS, T. H. D. |

Griffitts, T. H. D. | Physician; United States Public Health Service, Assistant Epidemiologist; worked with Carter | Local Source

Griswold, Bessie M. | Contributed to the Walter Reed Foundation [1950] | Local Source

Griswold, Mrs. Arthur S. | SEE GRISWOLD, BESSIE M. |

Grody, Margaret E. | Student at the Harlem Evening High School; wrote essay on “A Hero,” dated April 11, 1927 | Local Source

Grosvenor, Gilbert | Editor, National Geograhic Magazine, Washington, D.C. [1946] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Grosvenor, Gilbert Hovey, (1875-1966).

Grote, Carl A. | County Health Officer, Jasper, Alabama [1915] | Local Source

Grubbs, S. B. | Surgeon, United States Public Health Service, Office of Medical Officer in Charge, United States Quarrantine Station, Staten Island, New York [1924] | Local Source

Gruenberg, Benjamin C. | Physician; member of Peabody’s Yellow Fever Committee [1920's] | Local Source

Gruenberg, Benjamin C. (Dr.) | SEE GRUENBERG, BENJAMIN C. |

Grunsky, Carl Ewald | (1855-1934) | Civil Engineer; see: http://www.calacademy.org/research/library/special/bios/Grunsky.htm | Local Source

Grunsky, [s.n.] | SEE GRUNSKY, CARL EWALD |

Guell, Gonzalo | Subsecretario de Estado, Vice-Canciller Secretario General de la Orden, Habana, Cuba [1953] | Local Source

Guildstrand, [s.n.] | American public health worker, Peru, [1921] | Local Source

Guiteau, Charles | Assassin of United States President James Abram Garfield [July 2, 1881]; see: http://gulib.lausun.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/cl133.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Guiteau, Charles Julius, (1841-1882).

Guiteras, Juan | Also known as “John” Guiteras. Cuban physician; conducted yellow fever experiments with Carlos Finlay. | Local Source

Gunn, Selskar M. | Director, International Health Board in Paris [1922] | Local Source

Guthrie, J. Birney | Physician, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana | Local Source

Hackett, Dr. | SEE HACKETT, LEWIS W. |

Hackett, Lewis W. | (1884-1962) | Ph.D. Researcher; International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation; see also: http://rockefeller100.org/biography/show/lewis-wendell-hackett | Local Source

Hagedorn, Hermann | Author of biography of Leonard Wood | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hagedorn, Hermann, (1882-1964).

Hagedorn, [s.n.] | SEE HAGEDORN, HERMANN |

Haggard, Howard Wilcox | Lecturer, author, and professor of applied physiology at Yale who presented a series of radio talks. He wrote the script, “Yellow Jack,” for the Eastman Kodak Radio Program, September 1931; see: http://www.aabibliography.com/howardwhaggard.htm and http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/mma/radio2.html | Full LC Authority is: Haggard, Howard Wilcox, 1891-1959.

Hagood, Rivers, and Young | Charleston, South Carolina [1916] | Local Source

Haig, I. T. | Chief, Division of Forest Management Research, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture [1940] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Haig, Irvine T. (Irvine Theodore)

Hall, Francis C. | Physician, Boston, Massachusetts [1942] | Local Source

Hall, Mrs. John A. | Acknowledges support for John Kissinger [1907] | Local Source

Hall, Mrs. John Randolph | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Hall, [s.n.] | Assistant Adjutant General in the War Department [1903] | Local Source

Hallett, Maj. | Officer, Ambulance Service, France [1917] | Local Source

Hallock, Grace T. | Author of a biographical sketch of Walter Reed | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hallock, Grace T. (Grace Taber), (1893- ).

Halverson, Wilton L. | Physician; Director of Public Health, Department of Public Health, State of California, San Francisco, California; President, American Public Health Association, San Francisco, California [1952] | Local Source

Hamann, August | Father of Paul Hamann | Local Source

Hamann, Paul | (1876-1933) | Army private; yellow fever volunteer; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Hamer, P. M. | Chief, Division of Reference, National Archives, United States | Local Source

Hamilton, E. L. | Member of Congress from Michigan [1901] | Full LC is: Hamilton, Edward L. (Edward La Rue), (1857-1923).

Hamlin, E. B. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Hamman, Louis | Physician; Johns Hopkins Hospital; full name is Louis Virgil Hamman | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hamman, Louis, (1877-1946).

Hanberry, James E. | SEE HANBERRY, JAMES L. |

Hanberry, James F. | SEE HANBERRY, JAMES L. |

Hanberry, James L. | (1875-1961) | Army private; yellow fever volunteer; full name James Lanard Hanberry; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Hanna, Lt. | Aide-de-Camp of Leonard Wood, Cuba [1900]; resigned and returned to the United States | Local Source

Hanney, John Francis | Yellow fever patient [1923] | Local Source

Hanson, Henry | Physician; involved with public health work in Ecuador, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Harbold, Robert P. | Quartermaster Major, United States Army [1919] | Local Source

Harder, Elbert | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Hardy, A. S. | Worked to honor Walter Reed in Virginia [1927] | Local Source

Harper, J. B. | Major, Finance Department, United States Army [1930] | Local Source

Harper, J. E. | Chief, Division of Appointments, Office of the Secretary, Treasury Department, Divison of Appointments [1916] | Local Source

Harris, H. A. | Physician; yellow fever public health work in Mexico (1922-1923) | Local Source

Harris, John T. | Judge, Harrisonburg, Va. [1875] | Full LC is: Harris, John T. (John Thomas), (1823-1899).

Harris, [s.n.] | On 1918 telegram: relieves John J. Moran from duty | Local Source

Harrison, James F. | Chairman of the Faculty, University of Virginia [1874] |

Harrison, Mrs. | Knew Reed at Fort Apache | Local Source

Harrison, Russel | SEE HARRISON, RUSSELL B. |

Harrison, Russell B. | Son of United States President Benjamin Harrison; for biographical sketch see: http://www.indianahistory.org/library/manuscripts/collection_guides/m0387.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Harrison, Russell B. (Russell Benjamin), (1854-1936).

Harrison, William G. | Professor of Medical History, Vanderbilt University Medical School, [1929]; full name is William Groce Harrison; to see his memoirs go to: http://www.uab.edu/historical/MC008.htm | Local Source

Harrison, William Groce | SEE HARRISON, WILLIAM G. |

Harrold, Mrs. | Emilie Lawrence Reed’s sister | Local Source

Hart, John W. | Vice-President, Winthrop Products, Inc.; involved with the preservation of the Camp Lazear site [1942] | Local Source

Hart, Joseph D. | Associated with the Observer Publishing Company, Washington, Pennsylvania [1940] | Local Source

Hartzell, John B. | Physician, Detroit, Michigan [1940] | Local Source

Harvard, Dr. | SEE HAVARD, VALERY |

Harvard Medical School | Called School of Medicine or Medical School in 1950′s; see: http://www.hms.harvard.edu/about/history.html | Full LC Authority

Harvard University | Used as corporate author | Full LC Authority

Harvey, Gwen | Program Director, WCCO TV, Radio City, Minneapolis, Minnesota [1953] | Local Source

Harvey, P. F. | Assistant Surgeon General, U. S. Army. Chief Surgeon, Department of the East [1906] | Local Source

Harwick, H. J. | Banker; involved with the Mayo Clinic [1938] | Full name is Harry J. Harwick | Local Source

Harwood, C. S. | Assistant Medical Officer, Stanns Creek, British Honduras [1924] | Local Source

Haskins, Arthur | Died of yellow fever at Pinar del Rio, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Hausheer, W. C. | Physician [1922] | Local Source

Havard, H. O. | SEE HAVARD, VALERY |

Havard, Valery | Chief Surgeon of the Division (Camp Columbia), United States Army Medical Corps., Cuba, [1900] | Full LC Authority is: Havard, Valery, (1846-1927).

Hawkins, G. A. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Hawley, P. R. | Major, Medical Corps, Executive Officer, Headquarters Army Medical Center [1932] | Local Source

Hay, James | United States Representative to Congress from Virginia (1897-1916); introduced bill to give Emilie L. Reed a pension; see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000382 | Full LC Authority is Hay, James, (1856-1931).

Hay, John | (1838-1905) | United States Ambassador to Great Britain (1893-1898); United States Secretary of State (1898-1905) | Local Source

Hay, Representative | SEE HAY, JAMES |

Hayes, Paul | Colonel; Chief Medical Consultant, Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D.C. [1953] | Local Source

Hayne, Theodore | Worked with Carter on sanitary projects in Virginia and the Carolinas | Local Source

Haynes, James A. | Physician/Researcher? [1915] | Local Source

Hazlehurst, G. H. | Chief Sanitary Engineer, Alabama [1923] | Local Source

Heard, James D. | Physician, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [1942] | Local Source

Hearn, Lafcadio | Writer | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hearn, Lafcadio, (1850-1904).

Hedgpath, Cecil | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Heger, Dr. | United States Army doctor at Willet’s Point, New York [1875] | Local Source

Heilbron, Bertha L. | Assistant Editor, Minnesota History; Minnesota Historical Society [1942] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Heilbron, Bertha L. (Bertha Lion), (1895-1972).

Heiser, Victor G. | (1873-1972) |Physician; Director for the East, The Rockefeller Foundation International Board, Yellow Fever Commission [1916] Associated with the International Board in the Phillipines, Asia; Full name is Victor George Heiser | Local Source

Hemmeter, John | James Carroll’s teacher and friend; wrote articles giving full credit for the Yellow Fever Commission to James Carroll while dismissing Reed and the other members [1908] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hemmeter, John C. (John Conrad), (1863-1931).

Hemphill, W. Edwin | Head, History Division, Virginia State Library [1951] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hemphill, William Edwin, (1912- )

Hench, Atcheson Laughlin | Brother of Philip Showalter Hench | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hench, Atcheson Laughlin, (1891-1974).

Hench, Clara John Showalter | Mother of Philip Showalter Hench | Local Source

Hench, George | Husband of Nadine Hench [1942] | Local Source

Hench, Jacob Bixler | Father of Philip Showalter Hench | Local Source

Hench, John | SEE HENCH, JOHN BIXLER |

Hench, John Bixler | Son of Philip Showalter Hench | Local Source

Hench, Kahler | SEE HENCH, PHILIP KAHLER |

Hench, Mary | Wife of Philip Showalter Hench; full name is Mary Genevieve Kahler Hench | Local Source

Hench, Mary Showalter | Daughter of Mary and Philip Showalter Hench | Local Source

Hench, Mrs. J. B. | Mother of Philip Showalter Hench | Local Source

Hench, Nadine | Cousin of Philip Showalter Hench [1908] | Local Source

Hench, Philip Kahler | Son of Philip Showalter Hench | Local Source

Hench, Philip Showalter | Physician, Mayo Clinic; Awarded Nobel Prize with Edward C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein for the isolation of and first clinical use of cortisone [1950] see: http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1950/ andhttp://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1950/hench-bio.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hench, Philip Showalter, (1896-1965).

Hench, Susan Kahler | Daughter of Philip Showalter Hench [1940] | Local Source

Henderson, David Bremner | United States Representative from Iowa; Speaker of the House 56th and 57th Congresses; see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000478 andhttp://clerkweb.house.gov/histrecs/history/members/henderson/archives.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Henderson, David Bremner, (1840-1906).

Henderson, Mr. | SEE HENDERSON, DAVID BREMNER |

Hendrick, Burton J. | SEE HENDRICK, BURTON JESSE |

Hendrick, Burton Jesse | Also appears as Hendrick, B. J.; wrote William Crawford Gorgas, His Life and Work with Marie D. Gorgas [1924] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hendrick, Burton Jesse, (1870-1949).

Henry Rose Carter’s Secretary | Name unidentified (see record number 00823007) | Local Source

Henry Young & Sons | Publisher (?), Liverpool, England [1921] | Local Source

Hepburn, Capt. | Contracted yellow fever in Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Hepburn, David | Professor in Anatomy Department, Edinburgh University [1890] | Local Source

Hepburn, Dr. | SEE HEPBURN, DAVID |

Hepler, Clara | Office of Medical Officer in Charge, Public Health Service, Treasury Department, United States [1917] | Local Source

Hernandez, Dr. | Studied under Noguchi [1923] | Local Source

Herrera, H. | Comandante, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Herrera, Jose M. | Luis Villalobos Corona’s physician [1923] | Local Source

Heutig, Mrs. | Knew Reed at Fort Apache [1879] | Local Source

Hewitt, Richard M. | Physician, Mayo Clinic [1946] | Local Source

Hidinger, L. L. | President, Morgan Engineering Company [1922] | Local Source

Hildebrand, James | (1862-1935) | Army private; yellow fever volunteer; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Hildebrand, Samuel F. | United States Public Health Service worker or Bureau of Fisheries, Georgia, Alabama [1924] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hildebrand, Samuel F. (Samuel Frederick), (1883-1949).

Hill, William N. | President, Twentieth Century Club [1907] | Local Source

Hines, Frank T. | Veterans’ Administration [1936] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hines, Frank T. (Frank Thomas), (1879-1960) |

Hinkle, Thornton M | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Hinshaw, E. H. | SEE HINSHAW, EDMUND H. |

Hinshaw, Edmund H. | United States Congressional Representative from Nebraska (1903-1911). Instrumental in getting Annuity Bill passed for Lazear-Carroll Widows [1908]; see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000639 | Local Source | Full name is Edmund Howard Hinshaw, (1860-1932).

Hirschman, Milton | Employee of Luther M. Cornwall Co. [1941] | Local Source

Hodges, Fletcher | Physician, Indianapolis, Indiana [1948] | Local Source

Hoff, Dr. | Physician; Walter Reed’s friend on Governor’s Island, New York [1875] | Local Source

Hoffman, Frances A. | Friend of Laura Carter’s [1925?] | Local Source

Hoffman, Frederick L. | Consulting Statistician for the Prudential Insurance Company | Full LC is: Hoffman, Frederick L. (Frederick Ludwig), (1865-1946).

Hoffmann, W. H. | German who wrote on pathology of yellow fever[1923]; part of Finlay Institute, Havana, [1942]; first name Wilhelm (?) | Local Source

Hogue, Margeris | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Hollander, Herbert S. | Managing Editor, The Ullman Feature Service [1931] | Local Source

Hollingsworth, William Y. | Physician, United States Public Health Service, United States Marine Hospital, New Orleans [1922] | Local Source

Holman, W. L. | Professor of Bacteriology, Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, University of Toronto, Canada | Local Source

Holmes, May Rose | Supervising Nurse, Ward 3, Columbia Post Hospital [1900] | Local Source

Hope, Miss | College “poetess” [1874] | Local Source

Horlbeck, Henry B. | Civil War doctor; Chairman of Health Officers, Charleston, S.C. | Local Source

Horner, H. H. | Superintendent, The Birmingham Water Works Company, Birmingham, Alabama [1916] | Local Source

Horr, Edward F. | Captain; wrote Columbia Barracks Sanitary Reports [1901] | Local Source

Horton, Bayard T. | (1895-1980) | Physician, United States; Associate of Philip Showalter Hench; received his Doctor of Medicine degree from the University of Virginia, 1922; worked at the Virginia Hospital (1923-1925); “The John Horsley Memorial Prize, University of Virginia : Second Award, 1929, to Bayard Taylor Horton, B. S., M. D”; for biographical information see: http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1504.html | Local Source

Hough, Neva Pauline | Ralph Hutchison’s Secretary, Washington & Jefferson College [1940] | Local Source

Houillon, Dr. | Physician; Chief Physician of the first class of the T.C., Head of the Health Service of the Ivory Coast [1923] | Local Source

Houle, E. C. | Physician; yellow fever public health work in Mexico (1922-1923) | Local Source

Houssay, Bernardo A. | Professor of Physiology, Buenos Aires; 1947 Nobel Prize recipient, see: http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1947/press.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Houssay, Bernardo A. (Bernardo Alberto), (1887-1971).

Houssay, Prof. | SEE HOUSSAY, BERNARDO A. |

Houston, Mabel | SEE LAZEAR, MABEL H. |

Houston, Martha P. | Mother of Mabel Houston Lazear | Local Source

Houston, Mrs. | SEE HOUSTON, MARTHA P. |

Houston, Nellie | Sister of Mabel Houston Lazear | Local Source

Houston, William J. | Father of Mabel Houston Lazear | Local Source

Howard, Cecil | (1888-1956) | Sculptor; Canadian-American; sculpted bust of Walter Reed which is at the NYU Hall of Fame; see: http://dsc.gc.cuny.edu/part/practice/ekemel_list.html | Local Source

Howard, H. H. | International Health Board, Director for the West Indies [1924] | Local Source

Howard, L. O. | Professor; entomologist; specialized in identifying mosquitoes | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Howard, L. O. (Leland Ossian), (1857-1950).

Howard, Leland Ossian | SEE HOWARD, L. O. |

Howard, Lucy T. | Daughter of L. O. Howard [1946] | Local Source

Howard, Mrs. L. O. | Wife of L. O. Howard | Local Source

Howard, Mrs. Sidney Coe | Wife of Sidney Coe Howard [1942] | Local Source

Howard, O. O. | General, United States Army | Full LC Authority is: Howard, O. O. (Oliver Otis), (1830-1909).

Howard, Sidney Coe | Playwright who wrote “Yellow Jack” which was performed at the Washington and Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania; see: http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0824343.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Howard, Sidney Coe, (1891-1939).

Howard, Sydney | SEE HOWARD, SIDNEY COE |

Howland, R. B. | Involved with sending yellow fever vaccine to his Brazilian offices [1922] | Local Source

Hoyt, Avery S. | Acting Chief of Bureau, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Agricultural Research Administration, United States Department of Agriculture [1944] | Local Source

Hudson, Dr. | Physician; Yellow Fever Research in West Africa [1928] | Local Source

Hudson, N. Paul | Physician; Secretary-Treasurer, Department of Bacteriology, Ohio State University | Full LC Authority

Hufford, A. R. | Physician; involved with the Dean Memorial Bridge, Grand Rapids, Michigan [1940] | Local Source

Hull, Cordell | U.S. Secretary of State (1933-1944) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hull, Cordell, (1871-1955).

Hume, Edgar Erskine | Lieutenant-Colonel; United States Medical Corps; in charge of the United States Army Medical Library [1934?]; for biographical information see: http://www.arlingtoncemetery.com/eehume.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hume, Edgar Erskine, (1889-1952) .

Hume, Maj. | SEE HUME, EDGAR ERSKINE |

Humphrey, Charles Frederick | (1844-1926) | Brigadier General, 22d Quartermaster General (1903-1907); see biographical information at: http://www.qmfound.com/BG_Charles_Humphrey.htm | Local Source

Humphrey, Gen. | SEE HUMPHREY, CHARLES FREDERICK |

Humphrey, James Ellis | Researcher/Botanist, Johns Hopkins; died of yellow fever on research trip to Jamaica [1897] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Humphrey, James Ellis, (1861-1897).

Hunt, [s.n.] | Professor; collaborated on four books with James Peabody [1929] | Local Source

Hunter, David | (1802-1886) | General, Civil War; West Virginia; see http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USACWhunter.htm and http://web.vmi.edu/archives/civil%5Fwar/hrmiller.html andhttp://web.vmi.edu/archives/civil%5Fwar/hunter.html | Local Source

Hunter, General | SEE HUNTER, DAVID |

Hunter, Thomas H. | Physician; Dean of the University of Virginia School of Medicine [1953] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hunter, Thomas H. (Thomas Harrison), (1913-1997).

Hurd, Henry M. | Physician, Johns Hopkins Hospital [1904]; full name is Henry Mills Hurd; first Superintendent of the Johns Hopkins Hospital | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hurd, Henry M. (Henry Mills), (1843-1927).

Hurley, Patrick J. | United States Secretary of War (1929-1933); see; http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=42529 and http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/Sw-SA/Hurley.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hurley, Patrick J. (Patrick Jay), (1883-1963).

Hurtado, Ciro | Luis Villalobos Corona’s physician [1923] | Local Source

Hurtado, Felix | Cuban Ambassador to the World Health Organization [1954] | Full LC Authority is: Hurtado, Felix P., (1924- ).

Hutchinson, Amory H. | Wrote the play “Hard Bargain” about Jesse W. Lazear [1936] | Full name is Amory Hare Hutchinson | Local Source

Hutchinson, J. C. | SEE HUTCHINSON, JOSEPH |

Hutchinson, Joseph | Physician, Brooklyn Surgeon; Mentor of Walter Reed [1869] | Local Source

Hutchison, Harriet | Wife of Ralph Cooper Hutchison | Local Source

Hutchison, Ralph C. | SEE HUTCHISON, RALPH COOPER |

Hutchison, Ralph Cooper | President of Washington and Jefferson College | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Hutchison, Ralph Cooper, (1898-1966).

Ibanez, F. Marti | SEE MARTI IBANEZ, F. |

Ide, A. W. | Physician; friend of Philip Showalter. Hench [1940] | Local Source

Iglesias, Alfredo | Physician; Worked on the International Health Board, leptospira experiments in Mexico (1923-24) | Local Source

Iglesias, Dr. | SEE IGLESIAS, ALFREDO |

Iglesias, Luis J. | Physician, Havana, Cuba [1941] | Local Source

Ijams, Colonel | Assistant Administrator, Veterans’ Administration [1936] | Local Source

Ireland, Elizabeth L. | Mrs. Merritte W. Ireland | Local Source

Ireland, M. W. | SEE IRELAND, MERRITTE W. |

Ireland, Merritte W. | Surgeon General of the United States Army (1918-1931); also appears as Ireland, Merritte W. and Ireland, M.; see: http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/tsgs/Ireland.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ireland, M.W. (Merritte Weber), (1867-1952).

Ireland, Mr. | SEE IRELAND, MERRITTE W. |

Ireland, Mrs. | Wife of Merritte.W. Ireland | Local Source

Ireland, William W. | Surgeon; Major, United States Army? [1908] | Local Source

Ives, Dr. | Physician, United States Army Medical Corps., Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Jackson, Andrew | (1767-1845) | United States President (3/4/1829 -
3/3/1837); see biographical information at: http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=7 and http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/aj7.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Jackson, Andrew, (1767-1845).

Jackson, Harry Frederick | Army patient cared for by James Kissinger when Kissinger was hospital attendant. | Local Source

Jackson, Laura Grace | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Also known as Mrs. Harry Frederick Jackson | Local Source

Jacobson, Arthur C. | Physician; “Medical Times,” New York City, New York [1949] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Jacobson, Arthur C. (Arthur Clarence), (1872-1958).

James, Col. | Scientific researcher; known as a “bench man” [1923] | Local Source

Jean, Sally L. | Health Education Consultant, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York [1927] | Local Source

Jefé de Sanidad | Chief Sanitary Officer in Havana Cuba, specific name not known [1908] | Local Source

Jefferson Medical College | Used as corporate author; founded in 1824; see: http://www.tju.edu/jmc/home/index.cfm | Full LC Authority

Jefferson, Thomas | United States President (1801-1809); see biographical information at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/tj3.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Jefferson, Thomas, (1743-1826).

Jenkins, William T. | Physician; Health Commissioner of New York City and Health Officer of the Port [1912] | Local Source

Jenner, Edward | Doctor; discovered vaccination against smallpox; see: http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/nathist/jenner.html and http://www.jennermuseum.com/ | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Jenner, Edward, (1749-1823).

Jenner, William Ezra | Indiana State Senator (1944-1945; 1947-1959). Introduced a bill to set aside $350,000 to memorialize Reed and his work. | Full LC Authority is : Jenner, William E. (William Ezra), (1908-1985 ).

Jennings, S. L. | Lieutenant Colonel, United States Airforce; Chief Photographic Records & Services Division, Office of the Air Adjutant General [1948] | Local Source

Jernagan, Warren G. | SEE JERNEGAN, WARREN G. |

Jernegan, N. May | Wife of Warren G. Jernegan | Local Source

Jernegan, Warren G. | (1872-1919) | Army private; yellow fever volunteer; full name Warren Gadsden Jernegan; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Joffre, Gen. | French General; Head of the French Mission to Washington [1917] | Local Source

Johnson, Andrew | United States President (1865-1869); see: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/aj17.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Johnson, Andrew, (1808-1875).

Johnson, Dr. | Pathologist of the Central Board of Health [1916] | Local Source

Johnson, H. A. | Librarian [1940] | Local Source

Johnson, J. H. | Physician; Chairman, Board of Trustees, University of Alabama [1911] | Local Source

Johnson, Louis | Colonel, Clarksburg, West Virginia [1942] | Local Source

Johnson, Lucius W. | Captain, Medical Corps, United States Navy [1942] | Local Source

Johnson, N. B. | Did preliminary work on maps for History of Yellow Fever [1927] | Local Source

Jones, Clarence Porter | Virginian involved in restoring Reed homeplace | Local Source

Jones, Col. | Officer, United States Army [Medical Corps.?], France [1917] | Local Source

Jones, George A. | Chief Clerk of the Office of the Surgeon General [1901] | Local Source

Jones, Harold W. | (1877-1958) | Colonel, United States Army Medical Corps; Librarian and Director, Army Medical Library, The War Department (1936-1944); see: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/tour/portraits3.html; President of the Medical Library Association (1939-1941) | Local Source

Jones, Hartley | Found guilty of joining a mutiny at Columbia Barracks, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Jones, Jr., Huston | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Jones, Percy | Served with Jefferson Randolph Kean in the United States Ambulance Service [1917] |

Jordan, Harvey | SEE JORDAN, HARVEY E. |

Jordan, Harvey E. | (1878-1963) | M.A., Ph.D., Sc.D.; Eugenicist; Dean, University of Viginia School of Medicine (1940-1949); full name is Harvey Ernest Jordan | Local Source

Jordan, Harvey Ernest | SEE JORDAN, HARVEY E. |

Kahler, Mrs. | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench [1948] | Local Source

Kahn, Julius | United States Representative from California (1899-1903; 1905-1924); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000003 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Kahn, Julius, (1861-1924).

Kahn, Morton C. | Professor of Public Health at Cornell [1940's]; friend and supporter of Carlos E. Finlay | Local Source

Kain, F. B. | Secretary, James T. White and Company Publishers [1915] | Local Source

Kane, Emma G. | Principal, Lazear School, Oakland, California [1914] | Local Source

Kane, [s.n.] | Associated with the Virginia Malaria Bureau [1922] | Local Source

Kane, Thomas | United States army nurse who cared for yellow fever volunteers [1900] | Local Source

Karshner, Clyde F. | Physician, Grand Rapids, Michigan [1927] | Local Source

Kean, Adelaide Prescott | Stepmother of Jefferson Randolph Kean | Local Source

Kean, Cornelia | SEE KEAN, CORNELIA KNOX |

Kean, Cornelia Knox | Second wife of Jefferson Randoph Kean, married March 24, 1919 | Local Source

Kean, Jefferson Randolph | Physician; Major in the United States Army; Chief sanitary officer of Havana; alumnus of the University of Virginia Medical School, Class of 1883; descendent of President Thomas Jefferson. Also known as “Rannie.” Married Louise Young | Full LC is: Kean, Jefferson Randolph, (1860-1950).

Kean, Louise | SEE KEAN, LOUSE YOUNG |

Kean, Louise Young | (1877-1915) | First wife of Jefferson Randolph Kean, married October 10, 1894; cited as Louise Hurlburt Young Kean in the documents | Local Source

Kean, Martha | Daughter of Jefferson Randolph and Louise Young Kean | Local Source

Kean, Robert | SEE KEAN, ROBERT H. |

Kean, Robert H. | Son of Jefferson Randolph and Louise Young Kean | Local Source

Keating, John McLeod | Author, wrote A History of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878…, appears as J.M. Keating | Full LC Authority is: Keating, John McLeod, (1830-1906).

Keefer, Chester S. | Physician, Evans Memorial Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [1948] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Keefer, Chester S. (Chester Scott), (1897- ).

Keefer, Frank R. | (1890-1938) | Physician; Brigadier General; served on the Board of Managers of the Walter Reed Association. |

Keeling, Hal R. | Journalist: Indianapolis Star; provided information about Reed’s presentation in Indianapolis [1948] |

Keen, W. W. | SEE KEEN, WILLIAM W. |

Keen, William W. | Surgeon; see biographical information at: http://www.collphyphil.org/FIND_AID/hist/histwwk6.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is Keen, William W. (William Williams), (1837-1932).

Kellogg, Dr. | Physician; involved with pensions for the widows of Reed, Lazear, and Carroll [1929] | Local Source

Kellogg, George A. | Advertising Director, John Wyeth & Brother, Inc. [1941]; published “Conquerors of Yellow Fever” illustrations [1940's] | Local Source

Kellogg, John | Son of George A. Kellogg [1942] | Local Source

Kellogg, Robin | Daughter of George A. Kellogg [1942] | Local Source

Kelly, Howard A. | Physician; author of Reed biography: Walter Reed and Yellow Fever. | Full LC is: Kelly, Howard A. (Howard Atwood), (1858-1943).

Kelly, John J. | Priest at the Universidad de Villanueva, Cuba [1953, 1954] | Local Source

Kelly, William D. | From Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer [1938] | Local Source

Kemp, [s.n.] | Assistant to Mr. Norton, Ambulance Service Unit, France [1917] | Local Source

Kendall, Edward C. | Physician; awarded Nobel Prize with Philip Showalter Hench and Tadeus Reichstein for the isolation of and first clinical use of cortisone [1950]; worked at the Mayo Clinic; see: http://www.cbhr.ca/pub-awa/can-bchr/1950.htm , http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1950/kendall-bio.html http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1950/ | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Kendall, Edward C. (Edward Calvin), (1886-1972).

Kenealy, J.N. | Sent John J. Moran’s address to Hewitt | Local Source

Kennedy, Elijah R. | Insurance agent [1907] | Local Source

Kennedy, Foster | Physician, New York City; see: http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1181.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Kennedy, Foster, (1884-1952).

Kent, Charles W. | Ph.D.; School of English Literature, University of Virginia [1905] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Kent, Charles William, (1860-1917).

Kernan, Gen. | General, commanding the line of communications, France [1917] | Local Source

Kerr, J. W. | SEE KERR, JOHN W. |

Kerr, John W. | Bureau of The Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. [1915]; name also appears as J.W. Kerr | Local Source

Kerr, R. W. | Major, Medical Corps, Executive Officer; Army Medical Center, Washington, D. C. [1927] | Local Source

Keys, Thomas E. | Librarian, Mayo Clinic Library [1946] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Keys, Thomas E. (Thomas Edward), (1908- ).

Kibler, J. Luther | Writing a booklet on “The Life and Works of Dr. Reed.” [1927] | Local Source

Kidwell, Mrs. | Associated with the United States Government Printing Office | Local Source

Kimball, H. F. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Kindrick, Thelma | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

King, A. F. A. | Physician; Officer, Washington Academy of Sciences [1908] | Local Source

King, Capt. | Captain of the Cavalry; later became Superintendant of Yellowstone Park [1905] | Local Source

King, Henry S. | Civilian Q.M. packer; he and his wife were among the first to contract yellow fever in Quemedos, Cuba [May, 1900] | Local Source

King, Mrs. Henry S. | First known case of yellow fever in 1900 outbreak in Quemedos, Cuba [May, 1900] | Local Source

King, W. W. | Surgeon, Chief Quarantine Officer [1916], San Juan Puerto Rico | Local Source

King, William F. | Physician; General Chairman, American Public Health Association (Indinanapolis Convention, 1933); Name varies as “Wm. F. King” | Local Source

Kings County Hospital Alumni Association | [1906] | Local Source

Kinyoun, Joseph J. | Physician [M.D. 1882] and Bacteriologist [Ph.D. 1896]; Director of the Army Medical Museum [1919]; See biographical note at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/kinyoun.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Kinyoun, Joseph J. (Joseph James), (1860-1919).

Kirby, Charles | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Kirk, Dr. | SEE KIRK, NORMAN T. |

Kirk, Norman T. | Physician, Surgeon General of the United States Army (1943-1947); see: http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/tsgs/Kirk.htm | Partial LC Authoirty; Full LC is: Kirk, Norman T. (Norman Thomas), (1888-1960).

Kirk, Robert H. | Comptroller, The Rockefeller Foundation [1917] | Local Source

Kissinger, Ida E. | Wife of John R. Kissinger | Local Source

Kissinger, John R. | (1877-1946) | Yellow fever volunteer; full name John Richard Kissinger; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Kissinger, Mrs. | SEE KISSINGER, IDA E. |

Kitchens, Retha | United States Public Health Services lab worker, Memphis, [1924] | Local Source

Kleberg, Rudolph | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Kligler, I. J. | Malaria Research Unit, Department of Health, Haifa, Palestine [1925] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Kligler, Israel J. (Israel Jacob), (1889- 1944).

Klotz, Oskar | Researcher with the Rockefeller Foundation, yellow fever work in West Africa | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Klotz, Oskar, (1878- ).

Knapp, [s.n.] | Jesse W. Lazear’s classmate in Scotland [1890] | Local Source

Knox, P. C. | SEE KNOX, PHILANDER C. |

Knox, Philander C. | Instrumental in getting Annuity Bill passed for Lazear-Carroll Widows [1908]. United States Attorney General (1901-04); Senator from Pennsylvania, (1904-09, 1917-21); United States Secretary of State, (1909-13); delegate to Republican National Convention from Pennsylvania, [1920]. | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Knox, Philander C. (Philander Chase), (1853-1921).

Knutson, Harold | United States Congressman from Minnesota (1917-1949) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Knutson, Harold, (1880-1953).

Kober, Dr. | SEE KOBER, GEORGE M. |

Kober, George M. | Physician; United States Army Acting Assistant Surgeon and Post Surgeon; Dean of the Georgetown School of Medicine; See: http://gulib.lausun.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/cl75.htm andhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/kober.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Kober, George M. (George Martin), (1850-1931).

Koch, Robert | (1807-1871)? | Researcher; associated with Carlos Finlay | Local Source

Kohnke, Quitman | New Orleans physician; involved with the quarantine regulations of railway cars [1903] | Local Source

Komp, W. H. W. | United States Public Health Service Sanitary Engineer [1923] | Local Source

Kosslow, Elizabeth S. | Author: Biography of Walter Reed [1927] | Local Source

Krauss, Willliam A. | Physician; Surgeon, United States Public Health Service, Memphis, [1924] | Local Source

Kriesley, Pvt. | Private at Camp Columbia [1900?] | Local Source

Kudo, R. | Japanese Scientist [1922] | Local Source

Kyle, Mary B. | Second wife to Lemuel S. Reed | Local Source

La Garde, Dr. | SEE LA GARDE, LOUIS A. |

La Garde, Louis A. | U.S. Army Surgeon; worked with Gorgas in the Canal Zone | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: La Garde, Louis A. (Louis Anatole), (1849-1920).

La Garde, Mrs. B. L. | SEE TRUBY, BARBARA |

La Garde, Richard | Husband of Barbara Truby |

La Roche, Rene | French Physician; yellow fever researcher; see: http://www.collphyphil.org/FIND_AID/hist/histlr2.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: La Roche, R. (Rene), (1795-1872).

Ladd, Maj. | Officer, United States Army, Division Headquarters, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Lafferty, John J. | Minister; spoke about Lemuel Reed and James Clayton Reed at a Virginia conference [1880] | Local Source

LaGarde, Louis A. | SEE LA GARDE, LOUIS A. |

Lage, Guiellermo | Doctor at Finlay Institute [1940] | Local Source

Laine, Dr. | Physician, Cuba [1900]; Leonard Wood’s attending physician | Local Source

Lake, Dorothy M. | (1917-2000) | Assistant in Education, The American Museum of Natural History, New York; full name is Dorothy Morris Lake; married to Harold G. Lake | Local Source

Lamb, D. S. | Physician | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Lamb, Daniel Smith, (1843-1929).

Lambert, Gustaf E. | (1874-1962) | Hospital nurse during the yellow fever experiments [1900]; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Lambert, Gustav | SEE LAMBERT, GUSTAF E. |

Lambert, Gustus E. | SEE LAMBERT, GUSTAF E. |

Lambert, Mrs. | Wife of Gustaf E. Lambert | Local Source

Lambert, [s.n.] | Authority over sanitation work in the Canal Zone, position unknown. | Local Source

Lamborn, Charles C. | Treasurer, National Savings and Trust Company, Washington, D. C. [1924] | Local Source

Lampner, Harold | United States. Army Medical Corps; involved with the Camp Lazear dedication [1953] | Local Source

Lampson, Robin | Author who wrote Death loses a pair of wings: the epic of William Gorgas and the conquest of yellow fever, a novel in cadence [1939] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Lampson, Robin, (1900- ).

Langer, William Cary | Acting Secretary of War [1901] | Local Source

Lappage, Eleanor | Secretary to Tom D. Spies [1952] | Local Source

Lastra, Jose Elias Olivella | Cuban Physician [1953]; Minister of Health and Human Services in Cuba | Local Source

Latimer, Caroline | Physician; Author of “Youth’s Companion Reed Story”; name verified in letter from her to Charlotte C. Sweitzer | Local Authority

Latimore, Caroline | SEE LATIMER, CAROLINE |

Latimore, Dr. | SEE LATIMER, CAROLINE |

Lavinder, Claude H. | Surgeon, United States Public Health Service; also known as C. L. Lavinder and C. H. Lavinder | Local Source

Law, Frank F. | President, Wyeth Company; associated with commissioning of the Cornwell painting [1948] | Local Source

Lawrence, Annie | SEE VAUGHAN, ANNIE |

Lawrence, Emilie | SEE REED, EMILIE LAWRENCE |

Lawrence, Emilie B. | SEE REED, EMILIE LAWRENCE |

Lawrence, Hannah R. | Mother of Emilie Lawrence Reed | Known also as Hannah Rea Lawrence. | Local Source

Lawrence, John Vaughan | Father of Emilie Lawrence Reed | Local Source

Lawrence, Mrs. | SEE LAWRENCE, HANNAH R. |

Lawson, George B. | Physician [1940] | Local Source

Lawton, Gen. | Military Governor of a province in Cuba [1898] | Local Source

Lazear, Catherine E. | SEE SETH, CATHERINE E. |

Lazear, Charles Clayland | Brother of Jesse W. Lazear | Local Source

Lazear, Charlotte C. | Mother of Jesse W. Lazear; She remarries and later becomes Charlotte Clayland Sweitzer [~1920]; Aunt of Alexander L. Seth and Grandmother of William Houston Lazear; full name is Charlotte Clayland Pettigrew Lazear Sweitzer | Local Source | SEE ALSO SWEITZER, CHARLOTTE C. |

Lazear, Houston | SEE LAZEAR, WILLIAM HOUSTON |

Lazear, James B. | Uncle of Jesse W. Lazear | Local Source

Lazear, Jesse | (1804-1877) | Grandfather of Jesse W. Lazear; married to Frances Burbridge | Local Source

Lazear, Jesse T. | Lawyer, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [1904] | full name is Jesse Thomas Lazear, son of Thomas C. Lazear | Local Source

Lazear, Jesse W. | (1869-1900) | Physician on Yellow Fever Committee; full name is Jesse William Lazear; died from yellow fever; congressional gold medal recipient; see genealogy at:http://etext.virginia.edu/healthsci/reed/public/images/004/00456005.jpg; Hall dedicated to him: http://www.washjeff.edu/departments/chemistry/home%20page.html | Local Source

Lazear, John M. | Son of Jesse T. Lazear | Local Source

Lazear, Leatha | Prepared a booklet on the history of the Yellow Fever Experiments | Local Source

Lazear, Mabel H. | Wife of Jesse W. Lazear [1896]; Full name is Mabel Houston Lazear; appears as Mabel Houston (before she was married) | Local Source

Lazear, Mabel M. | SEE LAZEAR, MABEL H. |

Lazear, Margaret | SEE BRIGGS, MARGARET LAZEAR |

Lazear, Mrs. Houston | Wife of William Houston Lazear [1952] | Local Source

Lazear, Thomas C. | Lawyer; son of Jesse T. Lazear [1908]; full name is Thomas Clay Lazear | Local Source

Lazear, William Houston | Son of Jesse W. Lazear. Also known as “Buster” and “Houston” | Local Source

Lazear, William L. | (1840-1878) | Father of Jesse W. Lazear; full name is William Lyone Lazear | Local Source

Lazier, Wilbur A. | Director of Chemical Research and Development, Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc., Manufacturing Chemists, Brooklyn, New York [1952] | Local Source

Leahy, Dr. | Doctor in Boston [1939] | Local Source

Leake, James P. | Retired Medical Director, National Institute of Health, United States Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency, Bethesda, Maryland [1946] | Local Source

Leathers, W. S. | Physician, State Health Officer, Mississippi [1923] | Local Source

Leavitt, D. E. | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Leavitt, Dave | Sent a Walter Reed Sanitary Report, found at Station Hospital, Fort Robinson, Nebraska, to Philip Showalter Hench; Full name is “Milo David Leavitt, Jr.” [1947] | Local Source

Leavitt, Jr., Milo David | SEE LEAVITT, DAVE |

Lebredo, Dr. | SEE LEBREDO, MARIO G. |

Lebredo, Mario G. | Physician, Cuban sanitation, defender of Finlay; Full name is Mario Garcia Lebredo. See: http://bvs.sld.cu/revistas/spu/vol26_1_00/spu05100.htm | Local Source

Lebredo, Mario J. | SEE LEBREDO, MARIO G. |

Ledlie, Kate S. M. | Contract nurse at Columbia Barracks [1900] | Local Source

Lee, Fitzhugh | General, United States Army, Seventh Corps, Cuban operations. | Local Source | Appears to be the same name as: Lee, Fitzhugh, (1835-1905), which is in LC Authority file.

Lee, Mrs. | Wife of Fitzhugh Lee | Local Source

Lee, Robert E. | General, United States Army; see biographical information at: http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/htallant/courses/his312/dwoolley/anvlee.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Lee, Robert E. (Robert Edward), (1807-1870).

Leidelin, Harold | Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Yellow Fever Bureau, University of Liverpool [1915] | Local Source

Leikind, Morris C. | Chief, Division of Historical Research, Medical Museum, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. [1951] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is Leikind, Morris C. (Morris Cecil), (1905- ).

LeMan, Lloyd D. | Major, Signal Corps, Office of the Chief Signal Officer, War Department, United States [1942] | Local Source

Lemon, W. S. | Physician; associated with the Mayo Clinic [1937] | Local Source

Lenner, [s.n.] | Unveiled plaque of Carroll at Camp Lazear dedication [1953] | Local Source

Leon, Estela Agramonte Rodriguez | Daughter of Aristides Agramonte; Referred to as “Miss Agramonte”, even though she was married; name varies as “Estella” and as Estela Agramonte de Rodriguez Leon | Local Source

LePrince, Joseph A. | Physician; full name is: Joseph Albert Augustin LePrince, (1875-?); provided information to Robin Lampson for a biography of Gorgas; Sanitary Engineer with the United States Public Health Service | Local Source

LePrince, Joseph Augustine | SEE LEPRINCE, JOSEPH A. |

LeRoy y Cassa, Jorge | Physician; Jefe de Demografia Sanitaria Nacional, Havana, Cuba [1927] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Le-Roy y Cassa, Jorge, (1867-1934).

Lewis, James H. | SEE LEWIS, JAMES HAMILTON |

Lewis, James Hamilton | United States Senator from Illinois (1913-1919; 1931-1939); Representative from Washington (1897-1899); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000284 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Lewis, James Hamilton, (1863-1939).

Lewis, Nellie | Roger Post Ames’ nurse, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Lewis, Senator | SEE LEWIS, JAMES HAMILTON |

Lhotka, Charles L. | Chief, Civics and Documents Department, The Chicago Public Library | Local Source

Liceaga, Eduardo | Physician; President of the Superior Board of Health, Mexico City [1900]; President of the Supreme Board of Health of Mexico City, Mexico [1903] | Full LC is: Lic’eaga, Eduardo, (1836-1920).

Lincoln, Abraham | United States President (1861-1865) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Lincoln, Abraham, (1809-1865).

Lindsley, J. M. | Cuban physician; President of the International Quarantine League [1903] |

Linson, John H. | Surgeon, United States Public Health Service [1923]; name also varies J. H. Linson | Local Source

Lippard, Vernon W. | Physician; Dean of the Yale University School of Medicine | Partical LC Authority; Full LC is: Lippard, Vernon W., (1905- ).

Lippitt, W. F. | Physician; Director of Sanitation, San Juan PR Military Hospital [1916] | Local Source

Lister, Joseph | Doctor; discovered antiseptic surgery | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Lister, Joseph, Baron, (1827-1912).

Livermore, William R. | Major General, United States Army; on General Lee’s staff in 1899 | Local Source

Lloyd, B. J. | Assistant Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service | Full LC is: Lloyd, Bolivar J. (Bolivar Jones), (1872 – ).

Lodge, Henry Cabot | United States House Representative (1887-1893) and Senator (1893-1924); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000393 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Lodge, Henry Cabot, (1850-1924).

Logan, Leatha | Nurse; wrote biographies of the members of the Yellow Fever Commission [1943] | Local Source

Logan, R. Elwood | On staff of the American Museum of Natural History [1940] | Local Source

Lombard, M. S. | Physician, United States Public Health Service, Alabama [1922] | Local Source

Long, John D. | Assistant Surgeon General [1922] | Local Source

Lopez del Valle, Dr. | SEE LOPEZ DEL VALLE, JOSE A. |

Lopez del Valle, Jose A. | Physician, Cuban sanitation, defender of Finlay | Local Source

Lopez del Valle, [s.n.] | SEE LOPEZ DEL VALLE, JOSE A. |

Lopez, Guillermo Garcia | Physician, Havana, Cuba [1951] | Local Source

Lopez, Julian Zunzunegui | Referred to in Hench letters; was 7 years old at time of yellow fever experiments. Owned/rented? land around Camp Lazear; lived on part of the Rojas farm, rented by his father from the Rojas family | Local Source

Lorente, Sebastian | Director of Public Health for Peru [1925] | Local Source

Love, Albert E. | SEE LOVE, ALBERT G. |

Love, Albert G. | Lt. Colonel, United States Medical Corps.; associated with the Walter Reed Memorial Association | Local Source

Low, George G. | Secretary, Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, England [1917] | Local Source

Lowdermilk, W. H. | Bookseller: W.H. Lowdermilk, Co. [1941] | Local Source

Lower, Margaret H. | Vice Chairman, Army Medical Center, Walter Reed General Hospital, The Memorial Chapel [1930] | Local Source

Lucas, Scott Wike | Illinois State Senator (1939-1951); introduced a bill to admit Gustaf E. Lambert to the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor [1949] | Full LC is: Lucas, Scott Wike, (1892-1968).

Ludlow, Gen. | SEE LUDLOW, WILLIAM |

Ludlow, Miss | Physician; entomologist for Army Medical Museum [1925] | Local Source

Ludlow, [s.n.] | SEE LUDLOW, WILLIAM |

Ludlow, William | (1843-1901) | Major General, United States Army, Cuban operations; Military Governor of Cuba; see biographical information at :http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/ludlow.html | Local Source

Lundeen, Ernest | United States Representative from Minnesota (1917-19, 1933-37); United States Senator from Minnesota (1937-1940); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000514 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Lundeen, Ernest, (1878-1940).

Lust, G. W. | Soldier found guilty of mutiny at Columbia Barracks [October, 1900] | Local Source

Lutz, Adolpho | Brazilian physician [1900] | Local Source

Lyman, [s.n.] | United States Army Medical Corps, position unknown | Local Source

Lynch, Delia A. | Worked to recognize A. S. Pinto’s efforts in yellow fever work [1942] | Local Source

Lyons, Bertha L. | Assistant to Director of Hall of Fame at New York University | Local Source

Lyster, Dr. | SEE LYSTER, THEODORE C. |

Lyster, Theodore C. | (1875-1933) |Physician; United States Army General during WWI; member of the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board’s Yellow Fever Commission [1916] | Local Source

Lyster, Winifred | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Also known as Mrs. Henry F. Lyster | Local Source

Maass, Clara Louise | (1876-1901) | Nurse who died in yellow fever experiment; see: http://www.nursingworld.org/hof/maascl.htm and http://www.stamponhistory.com/people/maass.html | Local Source

Maass, Hedwig A. | Mother of Clara Louise Maass, lived in Orange N.J. [1910] | Local Source

MacArthur, Douglas | United States General, World War II; Aide to President Theodore Roosevelt (1906-1908); see: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/cg&csa/MacArthur-D.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: MacArthur, Douglas, (1880-1964).

MacDonald, John T. | Physician, Miami, Florida [1948] | Local Source

MacDonald, William | Mrs. George Carroll’s lawyer [1954] | Local Source

Machado de Cardenas, Pedro | Physician; Jefe de Redaccion y Administrado, Revista de la Sanidad Militar, Havana, Cuba [1941] | Local Source

Machado, Manuel | Peruvian public health yellow fever worker in Peru [1921] | Local Source

Macia, Adrian | Owner of the Camp Lazear (formerly San Jose Farm) infected clothing shack which Hench wanted to buy. | Local Source

Macia, Mr. | SEE MACIA, ADRIAN |

MacLachlan, Maude | “The Recorder,” Central High School , Syracuse, New York [1927] | Local Source

Macphail, N. P. | Medical Superintendant, United Fruit Company, Quirigua, Guatemala [1923] | Local Source

Madison, James | United States President (1809-1817); see biographical information at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jm4.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Madison, James, (1751-1836).

Magill, Mrs. | Jesse W. Lazear’s landlady in Edinburgh, Scotland [1890] | Local Source

Magoon, Charles E. | Judge; Governor of the Canal Zone; Provisional Governor of Cuba [1907] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC Local Source is: Magoon, Charles Edward, (1861-1920).

Maguire, John | Editor (?); accepting free-lance articles for his magazine [1950] | Local Source

Mahon, Anna | Wrote essay: “Types of Heroes” [1927] | Local Source

Malagon, Javier | Researcher (Ph.D.); Secretario, Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia, Mexico [1952] | Local Source

Malaret, Blanca | Secretary to Dr. Saladrigas, Finlay Institute, Cuba [1941] | Local Source

Malloch, Archibald | Librarian, New York Academy of Medicine | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Malloch, Archibald, (1887- ).

Mallock, Dr. | SEE MALLOCH, ARCHIBALD |

Malone, Dorotha | Student, Woodrow Wilson Junior High School, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Mandel, Walter J. | Acting Deputy Collector, Treasury Department, St. Paul, Minnesota [1952] | Local Source

Manley, Clarence | Contract surgeon in Cuba (1898-1908) | Local Source

Mann, Kathleen | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Mansai, Patrick | SEE MANSON, PATRICK |

Mansfeld, A. S. von | SEE MANSFELDE, A. S. VON |

Mansfelde, A. S. von | Physician from Nebraska who tried to increase Lazear pension [1907] | Local Source

Manson, Patrick | Tropical disease authority; sometimes carried the title of “Sir” | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Manson, Patrick, Sir, (1844-1922).

Manson, Patrick (Sir) | SEE MANSON, PATRICK |

Manson, R. H. | Physician; with F. J. Kress Box Company [1917] | Local Source

March, Peyton Conway | General, United States Army; see biographical information at: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/cg&csa/March-PC.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: March, Peyton Conway, (1864-1955).

Marchous, Emile | SEE MARCHOUX, EMILE |

Marchoux, Emile | (1862-1943) | French biologist for the Pasteur Institute in Brazil. He confirms Carroll’s findings about yellow fever [1903] | Local Source

Marietta, S. M. | General, United States Army | Local Source

Marrux, Garcia | Cuban Minister of Health [1941] | Local Source

Marsh, Charles S. | Captain, Corps of Engineers, Engineer Production Plant, United States Army [1941] | Local Source

Marshall, John | Virginia lawyer; Supreme Court Justice; see biographical information at: http://www.apva.org/apva/john.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Marshall, John, (1755-1835).

Marshall, Mary Louise | Librarian, School of Medicine, The Tulane University of Louisiana, Library Director (1929-1959) [1941]. See: http://www.tulane.edu/~matas/marshall.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Marshall, Mary Louise, (1893-1986).

Marshall, [s.n.] | Public health official, North Carolina, [1916] | Local Source

Martel, Charles | Chief classifier in the Catalogue Division of the Library of Congress [1930] | Local Source

Marti Ibanez, F. | Physician; Medical Director, Winthrop Products, Inc., New York City, New York; name varies as F. Marti Ibanez and Felix Marti Ibanez | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Marti-Ibanez, Felix, (1915-1972).

Martin, Franklin H. | President of the American College of Surgeons; see: http://www.facs.org/jacs/editors/fmartin.html | Full LC Authority is Martin, Franklin H. (Franklin Henry), 1857-1935.

Martin, Henry | (1826-1915) | Caretaker, University of Virginia; former Thomas Jefferson slave | Local Source

Martin, Senator | SEE MARTIN, THOMAS S. |

Martin, Thomas S. | United States Senator from Virginia (1895-1919); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000200 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Martin, Thomas S. (Thomas Staples), (1847-1919).

Martinez, Jose | Volunteer in the yellow fever experiments [1900] | Local Source

Martinez, [s.n.] | SEE MARTINEZ, JOSE |

Martinez H., J. | SEE MARTINEZ HERNANDEZ, JUAN |

Martinez Hernandez, Juan | Provided translations of the Mayan language for Henry Rose Carter [1932] | Full LC Authority is: Mart’inez Hern’andez, Juan.

Marvin, H. P. | Physician | Local Source

Mason, Charles F. | Major, Surgeon, United States Army [1905] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Mason, Charles Field, (1864-1922).

Mason, Edwin C. | Colonel, 2nd Infantry, Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Conducted performance evaluations for Walter Reed [1891] | Local Source

Mason, Robert J. | Colonel; Air Attache to Ambassador Beaulac; involved with the Camp Lazear dedication [1953] | Local Source

Mason, [s.n.] | Maryland Senator [1907] – however official Congressional website does not confirm this | Local Source

Mason, [s.n.] | United States Army [Medical Corps] | Local Source

Matas, Rodolfo | New Orleans doctor [1905] | Local Source

Matas, Rudolph | SEE MATAS, RODOLFO |

Mattingly, L. H. | Chief of Division, Property Accounts Division, Office of Auditor for the Island of Cuba [1901] | Local Source

Maupin, Dr. | SEE MAUPIN, S. |

Maupin, S. | Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy at the University of Virginia (1854-1865) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Maupin, S. (Socrates), (1808-1871).

Maus, Louis M. | On General Lee’s staff in 1899 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Maus, L. Mervin (Louis Mervin), 1851-1939.

Maxcy, Kenneth F. | Assistant Surgeon, United States Public Health Service, Southern United States [1924] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Maxcy, Kenneth Fuller, (1889-1966 ).

Maya, Thomas J. | Wrote article supporting yellow fever transmission by clothing [1905] | Local Source

Mayer, Edgar | Physician, New York City, New York [1943] | Local Source

Mayer, Williard D. | Physician; Detroit, Michigan [1951] | Local Source

Maynard, Harry Lee | (1861-1922) | United States Representative from Virginia (1901-1911); Proposed bill for pension; see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000283 | Local Source

Maynard, Mr. | SEE MAYNARD, HARRY LEE |

Mayne, Bruce | Physician, United States Public Health Service [1920's] | Local Source

Mayo Clinic Library | Used as corporate author; library of the Mayo Clinic, named Mayo Clinic Library (in 1947 document) and is currently called Mayo Medical Libraries or Mayo Foundation Libraries; established in 1907; see:http://www.mayo.edu/medlib/medlib.html | Local Source

Mayo Foundation | Used as corporate author; established in 1919; see: http://www.mayoclinic.org/ | Full LC Authority is: Mayo Foundation

Mazzuri, Paul | Physician; assisted Roger Post Ames with care of yellow fever patients | Local Source

McAlpin, Gen. | Officer; United States Army [1901] | Local Source

McAlpin, Mrs. | Wife of General McAlpin [1901] | Local Source

McCain, Henry P. | Adjutant General of the United States Army [1916] | Local Source

McCan, [s.n.] | Wrote biographical sketch of Reed | Local Source

McCaw, W. D. | SEE MCCAW, WALTER D. |

McCaw, Walter D. | Officer, United States Army Corps; Author | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: McCaw, Walter D. (Walter Drew), (1863-1939).

McCaw, Walter Drew | SEE MCCAW, WALTER D. |

McClain, A. V. | Assistant to the President, Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pennsylvania [1940] | Local Source

McComas | SEE MCCOMAS, LOUIS E. |

McComas, Louis E. | United States Representative and Senator from Maryland, served as Representative (1883-1891), and the Senate (1899 -1905); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000351 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: McComas, Louis E. (Louis Emory), (1846-1907).

McConnell, J. C. | Camp Columbia volunteer; artist who made sketches of mosquitoes [1900] | Local Source

McConnell, [s.n.] | SEE McCONNELL, J. C. |

McCord, Lottie | Copied original yellow fever charts in Cuba [1900] | Local Source

McCoy, Adolphus E. | Student, Woodrow Wilson Junior High School Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

McCoy, Frank R. | Major General, United States Army, appointed to Manchuria, [1930]; see: http://www.rootsweb.com/~pamchs/house.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: McCoy, Frank Ross, (1874-1954).

McCoy, G. W. | Surgeon, Director, Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. [1923] | Local Source

McCubbin, W. A. | Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture [1940] | Local Source

McCulloch, [s.n.] | Involved with Panama Canal work [1908] | Local Source

McCullough, [s.n.] | Gorgas wanted him to work in the Canal Zone [1905] | Local Source

McCutchen, Mary I. S. M. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Also known as Mrs. Charles McCutchen | Local Source

McDermott, G. A. | Publisher, wanted to publish Hench’s book on Reed [1946] | Local Source

McDonald, Angus | Major with the R.A.M.C. who conducted research with mosquitoes in England [1919] | Local Source

McEwan, E. F. | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [1941] | Local Source

McEwen, Currier | Physician and Dean at New York University College of Medicine; corresponded with Hench after Camp Lazear dedication [1953] | Local Source

McFadden, [s.n.] | Son of a scientist who worked with Ronald Ross in London before WWI [1917] | Local Source

McFarland, Ross A. | Division of Research, George F. Baker Foundation, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University [1948]; see: http://www.libraries.wright.edu/special/manuscripts/aeromed.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: McFarland, Ross Armstrong, (1901-1976).

McGuffey, William Holmes | Professor of Philosophy; taught at the University of Virginia (1845-1873); ordained a Presbyterian minister [1829] See McGuffey Papers at: http://www.lib.muohio.edu/mcguffey/ | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: McGuffey, William Holmes, (1800-1873).

McGunnegle, James | Captain, Q. M. C., Adjutant [1918] | Local Source

McKee, Dr. | SEE MCKEE, JAMES C. |

McKee, James C. | Surgeon; Medical Director [1879] | Local Source

McKeever, Chauncey | Acting Adjutant General in the United States Army [1890] | Local Source

McKenna, F. A. | Manager, Hotel Nacional Habana de Cuba [1941] | Local Source

McKenna, William J. | Clerk of New York County [1892] | name appears as Wm J McKenna | Local Source

McKenzie, Vernon | United States Army Major, Personnel Division, Surgeon General’s Office [1956]; involved in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. | Local Source

McKinley, William | United States President (1897-1901). First appears in Lazear letters as a presidential candidate. | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: McKinely, William, (1843-1901).

McKnight, Virginia Harley | Physician; contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

McLean, Angus | Member of the Detroit Board of Education (1937) | Local Source

McLean, Donald H. |(1884-1975) |  Representative from New Jersey, United States Congress (March 4, 1933-January 3, 1945); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000545; full name is Donald Holman McLean | Local Source

McNeill, A. P. | Involved with the anti-malarial campaign at the F. J. Kress Box Company, Kress Community, Virginia [1917] | Local Source

McNinch, Joseph H. | Colonel, Chief Personnel Division, Surgeon General’s Office [1956] | Local Source

McPherson, Augusta C. | Wife of Dorsey M. McPherson [1879] | Local Source

McPherson, Dorsey M. | Worked with Reed at Fort Apache [1879] | Local Source

McPherson, Rev. | Officiated at Lazear’s funeral [1900] | Local Source

Mead, S. C. | Secretary, The Merchants’ Association of New York [1907] | Local Source

Medgo, Arthur V. | Vice President of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia [1903]; involved with Congressional bill to grant Emilie Lawrence Reed a yearly pension of $4,000 | Local Source

Medina, Garcia | SEE MEDINA, PABLO GARCIA |

Medina, P. Garcia | SEE MEDINA, PABLO GARCIA |

Medina, Pablo Garcia | Director, National Hygiene, Columbia [1923] | Full name is Pablo Garcia Medina | Local Source

Meehan, Col. | Involved with the marble bust of Walter Reed [1935] | Local Source

Meitin, Antonio Garcia | Architect of Camp Lazear Monument (1952-1953) | Local Source

Melier, Charles | French Physician; wrote book on an epidemic at St. Nazaire, France [1919?]| Local Source

Mellon, Andrew | SEE MELLON, ANDREW W. |

Mellon, Andrew W. | United States Secretary of the Treasury (1921-1932) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William), (1855-1937).

Meloan, Alice | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Mendelsohn, Isador W. | Associate/Assistant Sanitary Engineer, United States Public Health Service [1922] | Local Source

Mendoza, Ricardo | Physician with public health yellow fever work in Peru [1921] | Local Source

Merchants’ Association of New York | Sent telegram to Mabel H. Lazear [1908] | Full LC Authority

Merrill, O. C. | Executive Secretary, Secretary of the Treasury [1920] | Local Source

Messer, Richard | Chief Engineer, Virginia Board of Health [1921] | Local Source

Metcalf, [s.n.] | Commanded Ambulance Service Sections, France [1917] | Local Source

Michie, Maj. | SEE MICHIE, ROBERT E. LEE |

Michie, P. E. Lee | SEE MICHIE, ROBERT E. LEE |

Michie, Phil | Brother of Thomas J. Michie; worked at the Mayo Clinic | Local Source

Michie, Robert E. Lee | Major, United States Army under General Fitzhugh Lee; name also appears as R. E. Lee Michie and Major Michie; from Albemarle County, Virginia | Local Source

Michie, Thomas J. | Distant relative of Robert E. Lee Michie; researched the Michie family genealogy | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Michie, Thomas Johnson, (1867- ).

Milanes, Fernando | Physician, Cuban; Official who supported Reed’s contributions to the conquest of yellow fever [1941] | Local Source

Miles, Gen. | SEE MILES, NELSON APPLETON |

Miles, Mrs. | Wife of Nelson Appleton Miles [1900] | Local Source

Miles, Nelson Appleton | General, United States Army, visited Cuba in 1900, see: http://www.arlingtoncemetery.com/namiles.htm and http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/cg&csa/Miles-NA.htm. | Full LC Authority is: Miles, Nelson Appleton, (1839-1925).

Miller, Dr. | SEE MILLER, FREDERICK A. |

Miller, Frederick A. | Reported yellow fever cases in Bucaramanga, Colombia [1923] | Local Source

Miller, George | Uncle of Jefferson Randolph Kean [1901] | Local Source

Miller, Margaret | Friend of the Lazear family [1890] | Local Source

Miller, Molly | Wife of George Miller [1901] | Local Source

Miller, Mrs. | SEE MILLER, MARGARET |

Miller, [s.n.] | War Department, Office of the Surgeon General [1917] | Local Source

Milligan, Rhett | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Millis, Walter | Author of The Martial Spirit concerning Leonard Wood [1932] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Millis, Walter, (1899-1968).

Minor, James F. | President, Albemarle County Historical Society, Charlottesville, Virginia [1948] | Local Source

Minturn, Robert S. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Full name Robert Shaw Minturn | Local Source

Miranda, Luis Rudolf | Sub-Secretary of State, Marianao, Havana, Cuba [1940] | Local Source

Mitchel, Captain | SEE MITCHEL, E. W. |

Mitchel, E. W. | Investigated yellow fever in Peru; demanded payment from the Peruvian Government [1921] | Local Source

Mitchell, S. Weir | Physician; specialized in Neurology | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Mitchell, S. Weir (Silas Weir), (1829-1914).

Mitten, [s.n.] | Friend of John H. Andrus [1941] | Local Source

Moersch, [s.n.] | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench [1940] | Local Source

Mohler, Henry K. | Dean of Jefferson Medical School [1939] | Local Source

Monroe, James | United States President (1817-1825); see biographical information at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jm5.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Monroe, James, (1758-1831).

Monroe, Willys M. | Physician, International Health Board, New York, New York [1923] | Local Source

Montgomery, Robert | Actor; portrayed “Sergeant O’Hara” in the film Yellow Jack [1938] | Local Source

Moore, Alonzo B. | Worked at Camp Lazear during yellow fever experiments; tried to get on Yellow Fever Roll of Honor [1947] |

Moore, H. F. | Deputy Commissioner, Bureau of Fisheries, Department of Commerce, Commissioner of Fisheries, Washington, D.C. [1916] | Local Source

Moore, John | (1826-1907) | Surgeon; Army Medical Board [1875]; Surgeon General (1886-1890). | Local Source

Moore, Johnnie | Helped with the property maintanance on Keewaydin Property [1900] | Local Source

Moore, Mr. | SEE MOORE, JOHNNIE |

Moorman, Lewis J. | Physician; Medical Director, Farm Sanitorium, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma [1946] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Moorman, Lewis Jefferson, (1875- ).

Morales, Dolores | Lived at Camp Lazear as child; Sra. Rojas’ niece [1940] | Local Source

Morales, Ygnacio | Lived at Camp Lazear as child; Sra. Rojas’ nephew [1940] | Local Source

Moran, Elida | Wife of John J. Moran | Local Source

Moran, John J. | Volunteer in the yellow fever experiments [1900]; last survivor of Cuban yellow fever mosquito experiment; Congressional gold medal recipient | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Moran, John J. (John Joseph), (1876-1950).

Moran, Manuel Guiterrez | Volunteer in the yellow fever experiments [1901] | Local Source

Moran, Mrs. | SEE MORAN, ELIDA |

Morejos, A. | Physician, Department of Health, Cuba [1908] | Local Source

Morgan, G. E. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Morgan, S. S. | Chairman, The Maryland Branch of the Shut-In Society; also known as Mrs. W. D. Morgan and Mrs. William Dallam Morgan [1907] | Local Source

Morin, John M. | (1868-1942) | United States Representative from Pennsylvania; see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000961 | Local Source

Morley, Sylvanus Griswold | American archaeologist [1924] | Full LCAuthority is: Morley, Sylvanus Griswold, (1883-1948).

Morris, F. H. | Auditor, Treasury Department, U.S.A. [1900] | Local Source

Morris, John S. | Worked at Camp Columbia [1900] | Local Source

Morris, Josephine Ames | Sister of Roger Post Ames; wife of Will Morris | Names varies as Mrs. W. A. Morris, Mrs. Will Morris | Local Source

Morris, Mrs. W. A. | SEE MORRIS, JOSEPHINE AMES |

Morris, Robert | Acquaintance of Gorgas in the Canal Zone [1906] | Local Source

Morris, [s.n.] | Young man known to Gorgas, Canal Zone [1906] | Local Source

Morris, Will | Husband of Josephine Ames Morris | Local Source

Morrison, W. Z. | Uncle of Philip Showalter Hench; also known as “Uncle Billy” [1940] | Local Source

Morton, Paul | Secretary of the Navy Department (1904-1905) | Partial LC Authoirty; Full LC is: Morton, Paul, (1857-1911).

Moseley, Benjamin | Physician; wrote about tropical diseases in the West Indies [1787] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Moseley, Benjamin, (1742-1819).

Moya, [s.n.] | Physician; Cuban Secretary of Health [1940] | Local Source

Mudd, [s.n.] | SEE MUDD, SYDNEY EMANUEL |

Mudd, Sydney Emanuel | (1858-1911) | United States Representative for the House (1890-91, 1897-1911); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001059 | Local Source

Muench, H. | Physician, Ankylostomiasis Commission [1923] | Local Source

Muller, Henry R. | Physician; worked on International Health Board, leptospira experiments [1923] | Local Source

Munroe, Charles E. | Professor, George Washington Univeristy [1907] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Munroe, Charles E. (Charles Edward), (1849-1938).

Munson, E. L. | Secretary Editor, Association of Military Surgeons, Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.; Brigadier General | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Munson, Edward L. (Edward Lyman), (1904-1947).

Murphy, Miss | Involved with the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Murphy, P. F. | Physician, Port Medical Officer, United Fruit Company, New Orleans, Louisiana [1922] | Local Source

Murphy, William | SEE MURPHY, WILLIAM P. |

Murphy, William P. | (1892-1987) | Physician, pathologist; friend of Hench; received “The Order of Finlay” honor; received the 1934 Nobel Prize “for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia”; see:http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1934/ | Local Source

Murran, Alicilla M. | Teacher at North High School, Omaha, Nebraska [1927?] | Local Source

Murray, Alexander | Physician, United States Army Medical Corps, sought position in Panama, [1906] | Local Source

Murray, Dr. | SEE MURRAY, ALEXANDER |

Murray, Mrs. | Wife of Alexander Murray [1906] | Local Source

Murray, Robert | (1823-1913) | Surgeon General (1883-1886) | Local Source

Murry, Mrs. | SEE MURRAY, MRS. |

Myers, Walter | English physician with the School of Tropical Medicine, Univeristy of Liverpool; eventually died of yellow fever [1900] | Local Source

Narbona, Oscar M. | Manager, Hotel Varadero Internacional, Varadero, Cuba [1951] | Local Source

Neal, [s.n.] | SEE NEATE, JOHN S. |

Neary, William | Died of yellow fever [1899] | Local Source

Neate, John S. | Sergeant, Camp Columbia Hospital Steward; Reed’s lab assistant | May also appear as “Sgt. Neate,” “Steward Neate,” or “Neate, [s.n.],” may also be misspelled as “Neal” or “Neale” | Local Source

Needham, Charles W. | Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology, Columbian University [1904]; President of George Washington University [1908] | Full LC is: Needham, Charles Willis, (1848-1935).

Nelson, Robert F. | Director of Publicity, Virginia State Chamber of Commerce [1927] | name also appears as R. F. Nelson | Local Source

Nettles, T. D. | Local Manager, United Fruit Company [1922] | Local Source

Neumann, Felix | Surgeon General’s Office Library employee [1925] | Local Source

Newcomb, John L. | President of the University of Virginia from 1933 to 1946 | Local Source

Newton, B. R. | Assistant Secretary, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Office of the Surgeon General [1916] | Local Source

Nichols, H. J. | Vice President of the American Society of Tropical Medicine; More complete name is Nichols, Henry J. [1919] | Local Source |

Nixon, P. I. | Physician; President, The Texas State Historical Association [1947] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Nixon, Pat Ireland, (1883-1965).

Noble, R. E. | SEE NOBLE, ROBERT E. |

Noble, Robert E. | Brigadier General; Librarian, Library of the Surgeon General [1923]; United States Army Medical Corps, worked with Gorgas in Canal Zone | Local Source

Noboa, Carbo | Ecuadorean physician [1923] | Local Source

Noguchi, Dr. | SEE NOGUCHI, HIDEYO |

Noguchi, Hideyo | Japanese physician and medical researcher who died in Africa of yellow fever | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Noguchi, Hideyo, (1876-1928).

Nogueira, Pedro | Physician, Marianao Health Unit, Cuba [1941] More complete name is Pedro Nogueira Rivero | Local Source

Nolte, Arthur | New Orleans physician who supported mosquito theory and “extrinsic incubation” period [1903] | Local Source

Nolte, Helen Crone | Distant relative of Walter Reed [1931] | Local Source

Norman, W. W. | Printed and distributed Walter Reed book [1922] | Local Source

Norris, Dr. | Lived with Jesse W. Lazear in Edinburgh, Scotland | Local Source

Norton, Rupert | Physician; Assistant Superintendant, Johns Hopkins Hospital [1914] | Local Source

Norton, [s.n.] | Ambulance Service Unit, France [1917] | Local Source

Nott, Josiah C. | (1804-1873) | Yellow fever theorist; presented the idea that diseases may be conveyed by insects [1848] | Local Source

Nouel, Auguste A. | Physician; Acting Assistant Surgeon, U.S.A., Pinar del Rio Barracks, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Novey, Dr. | Professor at Johns Hopkins? [1900] | Local Source

Novy, [s.n.] | SEE NOVEY, DR. |

Noyes, Col. | Colonel, United States Army, Cuba [1901] | Local Source

Obregon, Alvaro | President of Mexico (1920-1924) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Obregón, Alvaro, (1880-1928).

Obrien, Anne E. | Contract nurse during yellow fever outbreak at Columbia Barracks, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Oemler, Marie C. | [1928] | Full name is Marie Conway Oemler | Local Source

O’Hara, Barratt | (1882-1969) | United States Representative from Illinois (1949-1951; 1953-1969); he was influential in putting Gustaf E. Lambert on the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor [1956] | Local Source

Old, H. N. | Assistant Sanitary Engineer, United States Public Health Service, Georgia [1924] | Local Source

Olivari, [s.n.] | Peruvian yellow fever worker with Henry Hanson (1921-1922) | Local Source

Oliver, Dr. | Baltimore physician who helped get yellow fever bill passed; associated with Johns Hopkins [1929] | Local Source

Olsen, William | (1874-1932) | United States Army private; yellow fever volunteer; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Operti, Albert | Artist of Camp Lazear painting | Local Source

O’Reilly, R. M. | SEE O’REILLY, ROBERT M. |

O’Reilly, Robert M. | Surgeon General of the United States Army (1902-1909); Chairman of the Red Cross (February 1906-December 1906); see: http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/tsgs/O’Reilly.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: O’Reilly, Robert M. (Robert Maitland), (1845-1912).

Orr, Charles P. | Cousin of Jesse W. Lazear | Local Source

Orr, Charley | SEE ORR, CHARLES P. |

Orue, Francisco | Mayor of Marianao [1953]; unveiled Lazear Medallion at dedication | Local Source

Osgood, L. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Osler, William | Physician; Professor at Johns Hopkins University [1902] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Osler, William, (1849-1919).

Osornio, Enrique | Mexican physician; Sub-director, Rockefeller Foundation that sponsored Yellow Fever Commission [1921] | Local Source

Ospina, Pedro Nel |(1858-1927)| President of Colombia (1922-1926) | Local Source

Otis, Charles E. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Oviedo y Valdez, Goncalo Fernando | SEE FERNANDEZ DE OVIEDO Y VALDES, GONZALO |

Owen, Jr., John A. | President, Virginia Alpha Chapter, Alpha Omega Alpha; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia [1947]; document also shows him as Librarian at Alderman Library | Local Source

Owen, Mr. | SEE OWEN, ROBERT |

Owen, Robert | Oklahoma Senator (1907-1925); published biographical sketches of Walter Reed; introduced 1910 Senate Bill to provide a memorial statue and tablet in honor of the members of the Yellow Fever Commission | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Owen, Robert Latham, (1856-1947).

Owen, William O. | Medical researcher [1923] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Owen, William O. (William Otway), (1854-1924).

Packard, Arthur W. | Rockefeller Foundation [1947] | Local Source

Page, Capt. | SEE PAGE, FREDERICK M. |

Page, Frederick M. | Captain in the Puerto Rican Infantry; Aide-de-Camp to Leonard Wood; died of yellow fever, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Palmer, Capt. | Officer, United States Army, Cuba [1901] | Local Source

Parcell, L. Evans | Constructed dioramas of various sites [1940] | Local Source

Pardinas, Jesus | Provided yellow fever “Mortality Chart” of Havana, Cuba, to Henry Rose Carter [1900] | Local Source

Pareja, Wenceslao | Physician; Director of Health in Guayaquil, Ecuador | Local Source

Parker, Charles | Hospital steward, Las Animas Hospital, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Parker, Edward Mason | Physician; studied with Walter Reed [1898] | Local Source

Parker, George | Mississippi Board of Health, Malaria Work [1922] | Local Source

Parker, [s.n.] | Headed yellow fever experiments in Vera Cruz, Mexico [1903] | Local Source

Parran, Thomas | Surgeon General of the Public Health Service (1936-1948) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Parran, Thomas, (1892-1968).

Parrau, [Robert] | SEE PARRAN, THOMAS |

Parrish, Susan Frost | Daughter of Wade Hampton Frost [1923] | Local Source

Parsons, H. S. | Chief, Periodical Division, The Library of Congress, United States [1941] | Local Source

Patiño, Heliodoro | (1869-1928) | Secretary of Government, Panama [1911] | Local Source

Paton, Stewart | Physician; helped Mabel Lazear in pension efforts [1900] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Paton, Stewart, (1865-1942).

Patterson, Robert U. | (1877-1950) | United States Surgeon General (1931-1935); full name is Robert Urie Patterson; see: http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/tsgs/Patterson.htm | Local Source

Patterson, [s.n.] | Officer who died of yellow fever in Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Patton, George Farrar | Physician; Secretary of the Louisiana State Board of Health | Local Source

Paul, John R. | Physician; associated with the Section of Preventive Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut [1950] | Local Source

Pauncefote, Lord Julian | (1828-1902) | British Ambassador to the United States [1901] | Local Source

Peabody, Betty | SEE PEABODY, ELIZABETH |

Peabody, Elizabeth | Daughter of James E. Peabody who was instrumental in Congressional campaign to honor heroes of 1900; appears also as Betty Peabody | Local Source

Peabody, James E. | Worked to publicize Reed and everyone involved with the yellow fever experiments [1920's] | Local Source

Peabody, Mrs. | SEE PEABODY, MRS. JAMES E. |

Peabody, Mrs. James E. | Wife of James E. Peabody | Local Source

Peace, Miss | Early friend of Walter Reed in Murfreesboro, North Carolina [1875] | Local Source

Peak, Mayme Ober | Author; wrote “Pioneering in Panama: Authority on Yellow Fever Tells How They Conquered the Foe in the Tropics” | Local Source

Peddicord, Harper | Physician; wanted to write an article on Jesse W. Lazear [1935] | Local Source

Pedroso, Martin Javier | First husband of Sra. Rojas; owned San Jose property | Local source

Pemberton, Anne | Invited Philip Showalter Hench to speak at her local organization; from Rochester, Minnesota [1942] | Local Source

Pemberton, Mrs. J. de J. | SEE PEMBERTON, ANNE |

Pena, Jose M. | Jefferson Randolph Kean’s interpreter and assistant in Cuba [1900], more complete name is Jose Miguel Pena | Local Source

Penhallow, D. P. | SEE PENHALLOW, DUNLAP PIERCE |

Penhallow, Dunlap Pierce | Surgeon [1925] | Local Source

Penhallow, Sarah D. | Mother of Dunlap Pierce Penhallow; more complete name is Sarah A. Dunlop Penhallow | Local Source

Penrose, Mary L. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Also known as Mrs. Clement B. Penrose | Local Source

Peraza, Fermin | Director, Anuario Bibliografico Cubano [1946] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Peraza Sarausa, Fermin, (1907-1969).

Perez Beato, Manuel | Physician; official historian of the Province of Havana [1940] | LC Authority

Perez de los Reyes, Rudolfo | Member/Patron of Cuban Camp Lazear Memorial Committee (1952-1953) | Local Source

Perez, Jose Rodriguez | SEE RODRIGUEZ PEREZ, J. F. |

Perez, Yldefonso | Built a model of Camp Columbia [1940] | Local Source

Perkins, George C. | California Senator (1893-1915) ; see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000232 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Perkins, George C. (George Clement), (1839-1923).

Perkins, Maj. | In charge of the Military Division of the Red Cross, France [1917] | Local Source

Perkins, R. T. | Physician, Tulane University, New Orlean, Louisiana [1921] | Local Source

Perlitt, J. J. | Gerente, Banco Mercantil Americano del Peru Piura [1921] | Local Source

Perrin, Dr. | SEE PERRIN, TOMAS G. |

Perrin, Tomas G. | Researched yellow fever in Mexico [1922] | Local Source

Perry, H. G. | Registrar, Vital and Mortuary Statistics, The State Board of Health of Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama [1915] | Local Source

Perry, J. C. | SEE PERRY, JAMES C. |

Perry, James C. | Chief Quarantine Officer, Canal Zone (1904-1909); Senior Surgeon, U.S. Public Health Service; Acting Surgeon General, Office of the Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. [1918]. Hard to decipher from the signature whether it is a “C” or “G.” | Local Source

Perry, [s.n.] | SEE PERRY, JAMES C. |

Pershing, Gen. | SEE PERSHING, JOHN J. |

Pershing, John J. | General, United States Army, see: http://www.mit.edu/activities/c12abn/files/pershing.html | Partial LC Authority ; Full LC is: Pershing, John J. (John Joseph), (1860-1948).

Persons, Col. | Officer, Ambulance Service, France [1917] | Local Source

Petain, Gen. | SEE PETAIN, PHILIPPE |

Petain, Philippe | General, French Army; see: http://gi.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_petain.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Petain, Philippe, (1856-1951).

Peters, William E. | Professor, University of Virginia; instructor of Walter Reed [1867] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Peters, William E. (William Elisha), (1829-1906).

Peters, William Elisha | SEE PETERS, WILLIAM E. |

Peterson, Maj. | SEE PETERSON, MATTHEW |

Peterson, Matt (Maj.) | SEE PETERSON, MATTHEW |

Peterson, Matthew | Chief Commissary Officer, Major, United States Army, Cuba; died of yellow fever [1900] | Local Source

Peterson, Mrs. | Wife of Matthew Peterson; killed herself after being diagnosed with yellow fever | Local Source

Pettman, F. E. | Physician, The Rockefeller Foundation, International Health Board, New York City, New York [1923] | Local Source

Pew, J. Howard | President of Sun Oil Company and John J. Moran’s boss | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Pew, J. Howard (John Howard), (1882-1971).

Phalen, James M. | Colonel, Medical Corps, United States Army; Editor of the Military Surgeon: Journal of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States | Local Source

Phalon, James M. | SEE PHALEN, JAMES M. |

Phillips, John W. | Physician; American Sanitary Commission, Panama [1905] | Local Source

Phillips, R. Hart | Correspondent in Cuba, New York Times; helped Philip Showalter Hench | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Phillips, R. Hart (Ruby Hart).

Phillips, [s.n.] | SEE PHILLIPS, JOHN W. |

Pickett, I. W. | Worked with the Rockefeller Yellow Fever Commission, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Pierce, C. C. | SEE PIERCE, CLAUDE C. |

Pierce, Claude C. | Physician; Assistant Surgeon [1900]; Quarantine Officer at Ancon (1903-1913); Senior Surgeon, United States Public Health Service [1915]; Chairman of the Board, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, Treasury Department, Washington, D.C. [1920]; Assistant Surgeon General [1921] | Local Source

Pierce, Dr. | Physician; inspected yellow fever work in Mexico [1923]; could be the same person as Claude C. Pierce | Local Source

Pilcher, James | Surgeon’s Assistant; Fort Custer, Montana [1885] | More complete name is James E. Pilcher | Local Source

Pillsbury, E. S. | San Francisco lawyer who helped Mabel Lazear get pension | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Pillsbury, E. S. (Evans Searle), (1839- ).

Pinto, A. S. | United States Army doctor; yellow fever volunteer at Camp Columbia | Local Source

Pinto, A. Sherman | SEE PINTO, A. S. |

Pinto, Albert | SEE PINTO, A. S. |

Pinto, Alvin S. | SEE PINTO, A. S. |

Pogliotti, Dino Francisco | SEE POGOLOTTI, DINO FRANCISCO |

Pogolotti, Dino Francisco | Brother of Luis B. Pogolotti; purchased San Jose farm (Camp Lazear site) [1910]; owned, with his brother, part of San Jose farm (Camp Lazear site) | Local Source

Pogolotti, Luis | SEE POGOLOTTI, LUIS B. |

Pogolotti, Luis B. | Land owner in Cuba who, with his brother, owned Camp Lazear; helped Hench with Camp Lazear research [1940] | Local Source

Ponce, Felipe Carbonell | SEE CARBONELL PONCE, FELIPE |

Pool, [s.n.] | Made visit to Canal Zone [1906] | Local Source

Pope, Alton S. | Physician; gave lectures on Henry Rose Carter [1927] | Local Source

Porter, Joseph Y. | Physician; State Health Officer; State Board of Health of Florida [1904] | Local Source

Porthier, Oliver L. | SEE POTHIER, OLIVER L. |

Postell, William D. | Librarian, Agramonte Memorial Library, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana [1941]; Director of the LSU Medical School Library (1959-1974); see: http://www.tulane.edu/~matas/postell.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Postell, William Dosite, (1908-1982).

Pothier, Oliver L. | Physician involved with yellow fever work,Vera Cruz, Mexico [1903] and West Africa [1920's] | Local Source

Pou, James H. | Lawyer, Raleigh, North Carolina [1915] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Pou, James H. (James Hinton), (1861-1935).

Powell, John Harvey | Author; wrote Bring Out Your Dead: The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia [1949] | Full LC is: Powell, J. H. (John Harvey), (1914-1971).

Presedo, Becente | Spanish volunteer in yellow fever experiment [1900] | Local Source

Presedo, Beciente | SEE PRESEDO, BECENTE |

Presnell, James F. | Physician, Acting Assistant Surgeon, U.S.A., Pinar del Rio Barracks, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Presno, Dr. | SEE PRESNO, JOSE A. |

Presno, Jose A. | Physician; Minister of Public Health and Sanitation, Havana, Cuba; President of the Cuban Academy of Sciences [1952] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Presno Bastiony, Jose Antonio, (1876-1953).

Price, Curtis E. | Surgeon, Fort Custer, Montana [1885] | Local Source

Price, Marshall L. | Phsyician; Secretary for the State Board of Health of Maryland [1908] | Full name is Marshall Langton Price | Local Source

Procter, [s.n.] | SEE PROCTOR, REDFIELD |

Proctor, Redfield | United States Senator from Vermont (1891-1908) and Head of Committee on Miliary Affairs for the 59th Congress | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Proctor, Redfield, (1831-1908).

Proctor, [s.n.] | SEE PROCTOR, REDFIELD |

Pruneda, Alfonso | Physician; Secretary General of the Department of Public Health, Mexico [1922] | Local Source

Purcell, M. A. | College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia [1909] | Local Source

Purdy, Theodore M. | Editor, Trade Books, D.Appleton-Century Company, New York City, New York [1948] | Local Source

Putnam, Herbert | Librarian of Congress (1899-1939) | Full LC Authority is: Putnam, Herbert, (1861-1955).

Pyle, N. W. | Owned rights to the film Yellow Jack (?) [1942] | Local Source

Pym, William | (1772-1861) | Military Surgeon; Superintendant of British Naval Hospitals; see: http://www.otway.com/family/2308.html | Local Source

Quayle, Daniel | Employee of Henry Rose Carter [1924] | Local Source

Queen Victoria | (1819-1901) | British Monarch (1837-1901) | Local Source

Quinn, S. J. | Deputy Collector in Charge, Bureau of Customs, Treasury Department, St. Paul, Minnesota [1952] | Local Source

Quiroz, Dr. | Peruvian physician; involved with the yellow fever campaign [1921] | Local Source

Raeder, John M. | United States Army private; nurse in Panama [1905] | Local Source

Rafferty, Ogden | Major, United States Army Medical Corps., [1908] | Local Source

Rake, Paul F. | From Jefferson Medical College [1952] | Local Source

Ramos, Domingo | SEE RAMOS, DOMINGO F. |

Ramos, Domingo F. | Physician; Director of Cuban Sanitation [1936]; Secretary of Defense of Cuba | Local Source

Ramos, Dr. | SEE RAMOS, DOMINGO F. |

Ramsey, George H. | Friend of Laura Carter [1930] | Local Source

Randall, Colonel | United States Army, Columbia Barracks [1899] | Local Source

Randall, Harold M. | United States Embassy in Cuba, Counselor of Embassy for Economic Affairs (1954). See: http://www.rose-hulman.edu/~delacova/cable/cable-6-16-54.htm | Local Source

Randin, J. | Physician; acquaintance of Philip Showalter Hench [1942] | Local Source

Randolph, F. F | Employee, Oxford University Press, Oxford Medical Publications, New York [1940] | Local Source

Rankin, Fred | SEE RANKIN, FRED W. |

Rankin, Fred W. | Physician, Clinical Professor of Surgery at the University of Louisville; President of AMA [1942] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Rankin, Fred W. (Fred Wharton), (1886-1954).

Rannie | SEE KEAN, JEFFERSON RANDOLPH |

Ransdell, Joseph E. | United States Representative and Senator from Louisiana (1913-1931) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ransdell, Joseph E. (Joseph Eugene), (1858-1954).

Ransdell, Sen. | SEE RANSDELL, JOSEPH E. |

Ransom, B. H. | Treasurer and Secretary, The American Society of Tropical Medicine [1925] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ransom, Brayton Howard, (1879-1925).

Rappleye, Willard C. | Physician; Professor; Dean of the College of Physicians & Surgeons (1931-1958), Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. See: http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/news/journal/archives/jour_v16n3_0006.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Rappleye, Willard C. (Willard Cole), (1892-1976).

Ratcliff, Mrs. | Acquaintance of Carlos Finlay, Havana [1908] | Local Source

Rath, Frederick L. | SEE RATH, JR., FREDERICK L. |

Rath, Jr., Frederick L. | (1913-2001) | Director, National Trust for Historic Preservation [1951] | Full LC Authority

Ravenel, Mazyck | SEE RAVENEL, MAZYCK P. |

Ravenel, Mazyck P. | Professor of Bacteriology, University of Pennsylvania, later at University of Missouri [1925] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ravenel, Mazyck Porcher.

Raymond, F. N. | Friend of John J. Moran [1937] | Local Source

Read, Florence M. | Assistant Secretary, Rockefeller Foundation’s International Health Board [1921] | Local Source

Recio, Alberto | Havana physician; Secretary of Sanitation; friend of Aristides Agramonte [1940] | Local Source

Redd, H. Carter | Cousin of Laura Armistead Carter; lawyer who handled Laura Armistead Carter’s finances [1925] | Local Source

Reed, Alice | Reed relative who helped Laura Wood with her book [1940's] | Local Source

Reed, Annie | Half-sister to Walter Reed | Local Source

Reed, Bettie | Cousin of Walter Reed [1896]; also known as “cousin Betsy” | Local Source

Reed, Blossom [Emilie M.] | Daughter of Walter and Emilie Lawrence Reed. Named Emilie with a middle name of Mabel/Mable? and nickname of Blossom. Also known as Miss Annapolis and Miss Lumpkin. Married 1917-1920 to “Cook.” | Local Source

Reed, C. L. | SEE REED, CHARLES A. L. |

Reed, Charles A. L. | Author of a critical report on the sanitation work in the Canal Zone under Gorgas [1905] | Local Source

Reed, Christopher | Brother of Walter Reed; also known as Kit Reed | Local Source

Reed, David A. | Chairman, Committee on Military Affairs, United States Senate [1932] | Local Source

Reed, Emilie Lawrence | Wife of Walter Reed; also known as “Emilie B. Lawrence,” “Miss Emily,” “Emilie Lawrence,” “Miss Lawrence,” “Turnip-top,” “Miss Gouty,” “Oomsay,” and “Emilie L. Reed.” B is for Blackwell. Authority was changed in August 2001 to spell out “Lawrence.” | Local Source

Reed, Emilie M. | SEE REED, BLOSSOM [EMILIE M.] |

Reed, Fannie | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Reed, J. C. | SEE REED, JAMES C. |

Reed, James | SEE REED, JAMES C. |

Reed, James C. | Minister, Virginia Conference, M. E. Church, South; Walter Reed’s older brother;. also known as Jimmie Reed; full name is James Clayton Reed | Local Source

Reed, James Clayton | SEE REED, JAMES C. |

Reed, Landon | Mrs. Lawrence [Walter L.] Reed; Walter Reed’s daughter-in-law; full name is Lucy Landon Carter Blackford Reed; see: http://www.dcmilitary.com/army/stripe/archives/apr30/str_aa43099.html | Local Source

Reed, Laura | SEE BLINCOE, LAURA REED |

Reed, Lawrence [Walter L.] | Major General; son of Walter and Emilie Lawrence Reed; also known as Laurie and Darboy; name also varies as: Walter L. Reed | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Reed, Walter, L.

Reed, Lemuel S. | Father of Walter Reed; first wife is Pharaba W. Reed; second wife is Mary B. Kyle. Also known as Pa; full name is Lemuel Sutton Reed | Local Source

Reed, Lucy | SEE REED, LANDON |

Reed, Mary | Lemuel S. Reed’s second wife; also known as Ma, Grandma Reed, and Ma Reed; full name is Mary Byrd Kyle Reed | Local Source

Reed, Mary Byrd Kyle | SEE REED, MARY |

Reed, Pharaba W. | Mother of Walter Reed; first wife of Lemuel S. Reed; full name is Pharaba White Reed | Local Source

Reed, Thomas | SEE REED, THOMAS WALK |

Reed, Thomas Walk | Brother of Walter Reed; merchant and farmer | Local Source

Reed, W. O | Major, G. S. [1918] | Local Source

Reed, Walter | Also known as “Lt. Walter Reed,” “Mantee,” “Mr. Priggie,” “Walter Reed, M.D.,” “Bolus”; Congressional gold medal recipient; see: http://www.wramc.amedd.army.mil/welcome/history/ and http://wrair-www.army.mil/welcome/reedHistory.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Reed, Walter, (1851-1902).

Reed, Walter L. | SEE REED, LAWRENCE [WALTER L.] |

Reeve, Roy M. | Photographer with the Army Medical Museum [1940] | Local Source

Reilly, [s.n.] | Patient of Lambert; Commissary sergeant [1900] | Local Source

Remsen, Ira | Professor and President (1901-1912) of Johns Hopkins University; see: http://www.jhu.edu/~gazette/2000/sep1100/11remsen.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Remsen, Ira, (1846-1927).

Repetti, Mrs. George | Possible relative of Dr. John J. Repetti; complete name is Thelma Martens Repetti [1947] | Local Source

Repp, Mrs. R. M. | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench [1940] | Local Source

Reyes, Jorge | Peruvian public health inspector, yellow fever campaign [1921] | Local Source

Reynolds, Charles R. | (1877-1961) | United States Army; Surgeon General (1935-1939) | Local Source

Reynolds, Frederick P. | Physician; Medical Secretary, The New York Academy of Medicine, Committee on Medical Education [1935] | Local Source

Reynolds, Gen. | SEE REYNOLDS, CHARLES R. |

Reynolds, General | SEE REYNOLDS, CHARLES R. |

Rhoads, M. A.| Secretary to Mr. Keeling, Keeling & Company, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana [1948] | Local Source

Ribas, [s.n.] | Headed yellow fever experiments in Sao Paolo, Brazil, [1901] | Local Source

Rice, Lee | Physician, American National Building, Galveston, Texas [1923] | Local Source

Rice, Paul North | Librarian; Chief of the Reference Department, The New York Public Library [1940] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Rice, Paul North, (1888-1967).

Rice, Thurman B. | Department of Public Health, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana [1948] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Rice, Thurman B. (Thurman Brooks), (1888- ).

Richards, B. M. | Department of Public Health, Mexico [1923] | Local Source

Richards, W. S. | Disbursing Clerk, Office of the Secretary, Treasury Department [1910] | Local Source

Richards, W. V. | Adjutant General, Division of Cuba, Havana [1900] | Local Source

Richardson, George O. | American public health worker, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Richardson, H. B. | Physician involved with the Luis Villalobos Corona case [1923] | Local Source

Richardson, Louisa C. | Secretary (?), Harvard University Medical School [1925] | Local Source

Richmond, Vena | Nurse, Camp Columbia; served with Truby [1900] | Local Source

Ricketson, Jr., Oliver G. | Researcher/worker; experimented with Noguchi vaccine in Florida [1921] | Local Source

Riley, Muryle | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Ritchey, Richard B. | Friend of Emilie Lawrence and Blossom [Emilie M.] Reed from Mercersburg, Pennsylvania [1932] | Local Source

Rittenhouse, B. F. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Ritter, Dr. | SEE RITTER, WILLIAM EMERSON |

Ritter, William E. | SEE RITTER, WILIAM EMERSON |

Ritter, William Emerson | Doctor; National Research Council in Washington, D.C. | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ritter, William Emerson, (1856-1944).

Riva, Isabel | From the Office of Malarial Investigation [1918] | Local Source

Rixey, P. M. | Surgeon-General, United States Navy [1902] | Local Source

Roberts, Hugo | Physician, Cuba, sanitation work in Havana [1908] | Local Source

Roberts, M. A. | Superintendent of the Reading Room of the Library of Congress [1928] | Local Source

Roberts, Mary N. | From the American Journal of Nursing [1946] | Local Source

Robertson, Alvin | Clerk of the Circuit Court of Baltimore (1885-1897) | Local Source

Robertson, H. McG. | Surgeon, United States Public Health Service [1920's] | Local Source

Robinson, Henry M. | Friend/acquaintance of Hench [1942] | Local Source

Robinson, William Duffield | Physician [1925] | Local Source

Roche, Bessie G. | Secretary for Frederick F. Russell [1922] | Local Source

Rockefeller Foundation | Used as “author” of a voucher from the Rockefeller Foundation. | Full LC Authority

Rodriguez, Cesar | SEE RODRIGUEZ EXPOSITO, CESAR |

Rodriguez, Estela Agramonte | SEE LEON, ESTELA AGRAMONTE RODRIGUEZ |

Rodriguez Exposito, Cesar | Historian, Cuban Department of Health [1952]; involved with Camp Lazear dedication; Secretary, Patronato Pro-Conservacion de la Caseta de los Trabajos Comprobatorios del Descubrimiento de Finlay [1952] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Rodriguez Exposito, Cesar, (1904- ).

Rodriguez, Pedro Capote | Introductor de Embajadores, Ministerio de Estado, Habana, Cuba [1953] | Local Source

Rodriguez Perez, J. F. | Librarian, Finlay Institute [1941]; Director, de la Seccion de Publicaciones, Cientificas y Biblioteca, Instituto Finlay, Habana Cuba; communicated with Hench regarding the history of Military Hospital #1 [1941] | Local Source; removed hyphen 10/18/2001

Rogers, Edith Nourse | (1881-1960) | Elected as a Republican to the Sixty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, John Jacob Rogers; reelected to the Seventieth and to the sixteen succeeding Congresses and served from June 30, 1925, until her death in Boston, Mass., September 10, 1960; see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000392 | Local Source

Rogers, Frank B. | Lieutenant Colonel, Director of the Armed Forces Medical Library [1954] | Full LC Authority is: Rogers, Frank B. (Frank Bradway), (1914- ).

Rogers, H. W. | Lieutenant Colonel, D. P. M. Gen., U.S.A., Post Paymaster | Local Source

Rogers, Mrs. | SEE ROGERS, EDITH NOURSE |

Rojas, Ignacio | Land owner of Camp Lazear site (supposedly) | Local Source

Rojas, Lidia | Daughter? of Ignacio Rojas | Local Source

Rojas, Maria Teresa | Daughter of Ignacio Rojas; uses names: Teresa, Titina, Tina, and Miss Rojas; rented land to Reed | Local Source

Rojas, Maria Teresa Loma viuda de | Wife of Ignacio Rojas | Local Source

Rojas, Miss | SEE ROJAS, MARIA TERESA |

Rojas, Mrs. | SEE ROJAS, MARIA TERESA LOMA VIUDA DE |

Rojas, Theresa | SEE ROJAS, MARIA TERESA |

Rojas, Tina | Involved with the dedication of Camp Lazear National Monument; co-owner of “Quinta San Jose” [1952] | Local Source

Roldan, Francisco Dominguez | SEE DOMINGUEZ [ROLDAN], FRANCISCO |

Roldan, Miguel | Writer; Stormville, New York [1953] | Local Source

Roley, Richard | Advertising Manager at Wyeth; connected with the Cornwell Painting [1948] | Local Source

Rolff, Carlos | Assistant Treasurer, Office of the Treasurer, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Romero, Raquel | Cuban artist; painted “The Martyrs of the Conquest of Yellow Fever” [1944] | Local Source

Romeu y Jaime, Domingo | Consul of El Salvador? [1941] | Local Source

Roosevelt, Theodore | President of the United States (1901-1909) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Roosevelt, Theodore, (1858-1919).

Root, Elihu | United States Secretary of War (1905-1909); United States Senator from New York (1909-1915) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Root, Elihu, (1845-1937).

Root, Secretary | SEE ROOT, ELIHU |

Root Sr., Elihu | SEE ROOT, ELIHU |

Roper, Crosby | Husband of Laura Wood Roper | Local Source

Roper, Laura Wood | Author of Walter Reed, a Doctor in Uniform (a children’s book), [1943] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Roper, Laura Wood, (1911- ).

Ropes, James H. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Rose, Algernon | Hon. Secretary of the Authors’ Club in London that Henry Rose Carter was a member of at the time of his death | Local Source

Rose, June | Niece of Wallace Forbes; visited by Hench [1942] | Local Source

Rose, Mona | Niece of Wallace Forbes; visited by Philip Showalter Hench [1942] | Local Source

Rose, Wickliffe | “Original Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation (1913-1928), Executive Secretary of the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission (1910-1915), Director of the International Health Board (1915-1923), and President of the General Education Board and the International Education Board (1923-1928)” — from http://www.rockefeller.edu/archive.ctr/rf_wr.html; The Rockefeller Founation funded Henry Rose Carter’s work. | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Rose, Wickliffe, (1862-1931).

Rosenau, M. J. | Department of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Medical School, Harvard University [1924] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Rosenau, M. J. (Milton Joseph), (1869-1946).

Rosenau, Myra F. | Friend of Laura Armistead Carter [1925] | Local Source

Ross, Dr. | SEE ROSS, JOHN W. |

Ross, John W. | Major, United States Navy; Commanding Officer of Los Animas Hospita, Cubal; physician associated with the yellow fever experiments in Cuba [1907] | Local Source

Ross, Ronald | Physician; demonstrated the life-cycle of the parasites of malaria in mosquitoes thus establishing the hypothesis of Alphonse Laveran and Patrick Manson; won the Nobel Prize in 1902 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ross, Ronald, (1857-1932).

Ross, Ronald (Sir) | SEE ROSS, RONALD |

Ross, [s.n.] | SEE ROSS, RONALD |

Rossiter, P. S. | Reported on yellow fever outbreak in Havana [1899] | Local Source

Roux, Emile | Professor; Pasteur Institute [1900] | Local Source

Rovensky, [s.n.] | Provided biographical information on Lord Dawson, President of the Royal College of Physicians [1937] | Local Source

Rowe, G. C. | In charge of electrozone plant in Havana, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Rowe, George H. | Board of Directors, The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore [1941] | Local Source

Rowe, [s.n.] | The Director General Office, Pan American Union, Washington, D. C. [1925] | Local Source

Royster, Lawrence T. | Physician; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Hospital [1930] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Royster, Lawrence T. (Lawrence Thomas), (1874-1953).

Rubicam, Raymond | Wrote radio script of the Yellow Fever Commission [1937] ; advertising executive | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Rubicam, Raymond, (1892-1978).

Rucker, William C. | Chief Quarantine Officer, Panama Canal Zone [1920's] | Local Source

Ruffner, E. L. | Lieutenant Colonel, Station Hospital, Fort Banks, Massachusetts. [1924] | Local Source

Ruiz, Daniel | Physician; Director of Civil Hospital, Vera Cruz, Mexico [1885] | Local Source

Ruiz, Juan | Cuban who lived in Camp Lazear Building No. 1 and who became its caretaker | Local Source

Rumbaugh, Anne | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Rush, Benjamin | Physician, Philadelphia; see: http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/rush_benjamin.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Rush, Benjamin, (1746-1813).

Russell, Colonel | SEE RUSSELL, FREDERICK F. |

Russell, Frederick F. |(1870-1960)|  Physician; Director of Public Health Laboratories, The Rockefeller Foundation Intrernational Health Board [1922]; involved with the South American yellow fever work; President of the Rockefeller Foundation ; name appears as F. F. Russell, full name is Frederick Fuller Russell | Local Source

Russell-Leonard, Thomas M. | Assistant Director of Medical Services, C.D. [1922] | Local Source

Russell, Richard B. | Georgia State Senator (1933-1971); served on the Committee of Armed Services to determine if Gustaf E. Lambert should be included on the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor [1956] | Full LC Authority is: Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), (1897-1971).

Ryan, John | Soldier found guilty of mutiny at Columbia Barracks, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Ryan, [s.n.] | Patient cared for by Gustaf E. Lambert [1900] | Local Source

Rynearson, [s.n.] | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench (?) [1940] | Local Source

Sabatini, J. A. | Sergeant; lived in room where Walter Reed died [1947] | Local Source

Sabatini, Mrs. J. A. | Wife of Sergeant J. A. Sabatini [1947] | Local Source

Sacasa, Carlos F. | Physician, Las Encinas Sanitarium, Pasadena, Cal. [1941] | Local Source

Safford, W. E. | Economic Botanist, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. [1923] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Safford, William Edwin, (1859-1926).

Saili, Aubrey | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Sainz, Arturo | Public health worker, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Saladrigas, Dr. | SEE SALADRIGAS, ENRIQUE |

Saladrigas, Enrique | Cuban physician; Minister of Health [1952] | Local Source

Salas, Manuel | Brother of William Salas; owned a radio station with his brother and broadcasted a program in support of the Camp Lazear Memorial [1948] | Local Source

Salas, William | Brother of Manuel Salas; owned a radio station with his brother and broadcasted a program in support of the Camp Lazear Memorial [1948] | Local Source

Saleeby, Najeeb M. | Physician; reported yellow fever outbreak in Columbia Barracks, Cuba [1899] | Full LC is: Saleeby, Najeeb M. (Najeeb Mitry), (1870- ).

Sambon, Louis Westenra | Physician; taught at London School of Tropical Medicine [1919] | Local Source

Sambon, [s.n.] | SEE SAMBON, LOUIS WESTENRA |

Sanarelli, Dr. | SEE SANARELLI, GIUSEPPE |

Sanarelli, Giuseppe | First name also appears as “Guiseppe.” Italian bacteriologist; early yellow fever researcher, proposed that yellow fever was caused by “bacillus icteroides.” | Local Source

Sanford, Edward T. | Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice, Washington, D. C. [1907] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Sanford, Edward Terry, (1865-1930).

Sanger, William Cary |(1853-1921)| United States Assistant Secretary of War from March 14, 1901, to August 28, 1903 | Local Source

Sawyer, W.A. | SEE SAWYER, WILBUR A. |

Sawyer, Wilbur A. | Director of the International Health Division, Rockefeller Foundation; successor to Frederick F. Russell [1939] | Local Source

Scannell, E. J. | International Health Board; yellow fever work, Mexico [1920's] | Local Source

Schellberg, Leonard | Friend of Emilie Lawrence Reed [1940] | Local Source

Schellberg, Louise | Wife of Leonard Schellberg [1940] | Local Source

Schereschewsky, J. W. | Assistant Surgeon General, United States Public Health Service [1918] | Local Source

Schermer, [s.n.] | Worked with Gorgas in the Canal Zone [1905] | Local Source

Schnurr, Dorma | SEE SCHNURR, DORMA V. |

Schnurr, Dorma V. | Secretary of Hench [1940's] | Local Source

Schobinger, George | Dwight P. Robinson & Company, Inc. Rio de Janeiro [1922] | Local Source

Schuler, Hans | Sculptor; made bust of Walter Reed that is in the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia | Local Source

Schuler, [s.n.] | SEE SCHULER, HANS |

Schuman, Henry | Publisher; wanted to publish Hench’s book on Reed [1946] | Local Source

Schumann, Lucila | Florist; made wreaths for Camp Lazear ceremony for Hench [1953] | Local Source

Schumann, Lucilla | SEE SCHUMANN, LUCILA |

Schwegmann Jr., George A. | Director, Photoduplication Service, The Library of Congress [1941] | Local Source

Schweitzer, Mrs. C. C. | SEE LAZEAR, CHARLOTTE C. |

Schwieger, John D. | Involved with the yellow fever experiments [1901] | Local Source

Scott, Edward | Reporter, Havana Post, wrote “accurate” (according to Hench) story on the Camp Lazear Memorial [1953] | Local Source

Scott, Gen. | SEE SCOTT, HUGH L. |

Scott, Hugh | SEE SCOTT, HUGH L. |

Scott, Hugh L. | General; Adjutant to Leonard Wood; Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1914-1917) | Local Source

Scott, Winfield | Department of the Interior, Bureau of Pensions [1928] | Local Source

Sculler, Carl | German Officer [1918] | Local Source

Secretary to Howard A. Kelly | Personal name unknown [1922]| Local Source

Seeley, Morris Monroe | American public health worker, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Seguin, [s.n.] | Physician; head of the Health Service in French Sudan [1923] | Local Source

Seidelin, Dr. | Physician; investigated causative agent of yellow fever [1915] | Local Source

Sellard, Dr. | Physician; investigated causative agent of yellow fever and infectious jaundice with animals [1927] | Local Source

Senter, Orestes A. B. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Serpa Novoa, Roberto | Physician, Bucaramanga, Colombia; assisted with yellow fever work | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Serpa Novoa, Roberto, (1888-1959).

Serpa, Roberto | SEE SERPA NOVOA, ROBERTO |

Seth, Alexander L. | Cousin of Jesse W. Lazear | Local Source

Seth, Catherine E. | Aunt of Jesse W. Lazear (“Aunt Kate” in the documents); sister of Thomas C. Lazear; full name is Catherine Elizabeth Lazear Seth | Local Source

Seth, Frances B. | Cousin of Jesse W. Lazear | Local Source

Seth, Joe | Cousin of Jesse W. Lazear | Local Source

Seth, Miss | SEE SETH, FRANCES B. |

Seward, Blanton P. | Department of Surgery, Lewis-Gale Hospital, Roanoke, Virginia [1931] | Local Source

Sexton, Anna M. | Librarian, Department of Health, Albany, New York [1941] | Local Source

Seymour, Flora Warren | Author; on Board of Indian Commissioners [1927] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Seymour, Flora Warren, (1888-1948).

Shafter, Gen. | SEE SHAFTER, WILLIAM R. |

Shafter, William R. | General; Lieutenant Colonel, 24th Infantry. | Full LC Authority is: Shafter, William Rufus, (1835-1906).

Shakespeare, Edward O. | Author of Report on the Origin and Spread of Typhoid Fever in U.S. Military Camps During the Spanish War of 1898 [1904]; member of Typhoid Fever Board | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Shakespeare, Edward O. (Edward Oram), (1846-1900).

Shannon, Dr. | Yellow fever researcher [c.1890's] | Local Source

Sharpe, Mr. | Professor; friend of Walter Reed [1875] | Local Source

Shaw, Edwin C. | Physician; on Committee to build a Polyclinic in Akron, Ohio [1919] | Local Source

Shaw, F. R. | Assistant Sanitary Engineer, United States Public Health Service, Louisiana [1924] | Local Source

Shaw, [s.n.] | United States Army [Medical Corps?] [1917] | Local Source

Sheppard, Morris | United States Senator from Texas (1913-1941); United States Representative from Texas (1902-1913); aided in introducing bill to add the name of Roger Post Ames to the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor; see:http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Sheppard, Morris, (1875-1941).

Sheppard, Senator | SEE SHEPPARD, MORRIS |

Sheridan, Philip Henry | Union General during the Civil War; see: http://www.civilwarhome.com/sheridanbio.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Sheridan, Philip Henry, (1831-1888).

Sherman, John P. R. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Sherwood, Charles E. | Sergeant; died from yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba [May, 1900] | Local Source

Sherwood, Mary G. | Wife of Charles E. Sherwood; contracted yellow fever [June, 1900] | Local Source

Shimer, [s.n.] | United States Army Medical Corps, Canal Zone [1906] | Local Source

Shonts, Theodore P. | Chairman of the Isthmian Canal Commission [1906]; see: http://www.czbrats.com/Builders/Bennett/rrmen.htm | Local Source

Shonts, Walker | Worked with the United States Army Medical Corps [1905] | Local Source

Shouts, [s.n.] | SEE SHONTS, THEODORE P. |

Shuell, Lawrence | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Sigerist, Henry E. | Physician; Medical Historian; Institute of the History of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; see: http://support.jhsph.edu/sph/sphheros.cfm?detail=50 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Sigerist, Henry E.(Henry Ernest), (1891-1957).

Siler, J. F. | Lieutenant, Colonel, United States Army; name varies as Joseph F. Siler; nickname is Dusty | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Siler, J. F. (Joseph Franklin), (1875-1960).

Siler, Lt. Col. | SEE SILER, J. F. |

Siler, [s.n.] | SEE SILER, J. F. |

Silverio, Nicasio | Cuban physician; served on the Board of Physicians with Roger Post Ames, Jesse W. Lazear, and Eduardo Angles to study yellow fever cases during the epidemic in Quemados, Cuba; also called Nicolo Silverio [1900] | Local Source

Simmons, Robert G. | SEE SIMMONS, ROBERT GLENMORE |

Simmons, Robert Glenmore | (1891-1969) | United States Congressman from Nebraska (1923-1933) | Local Source

Simon, Sidney R. | Office of the Secretary and Treasurer, The American Society of Tropical Medicine, Rochester, New York [1919] | Local Source

Simpson, June | Wife of Walter M. Simpson; colleague/friend of Philip Showalter Hench | Local Source

Simpson, Walt | SEE SIMPSON, WALTER M. |

Simpson, Walter M. | Physician; Director, Kettering Institute for Medical Research, Dayton, Ohio; husband of June Simpson; friend of Philip Showalter Hench | full name is Walter Malcolm Simpson, (1895- ) | Local Source

Sitjar, [s.n.] | Wrote: “Investigations on the Etiology of Yellow Fever in the Zone of Narareth [sic], State of Bahia, 1921″ | Local Source

Skinner, George A. | Colonel, United States Army; Commanding Officer of the Hospital Center, [1919] | Local Source

Skinner, J. O. | Physician; Superintendent, Columbia Hospital for Women, Washington, D.C. [1907] | Local Source

Sleeper, [s.n.] | Sent volunteers overseas to the Ambulance Service in France [1917] | Local Source

Slocum, Herbert | Captain, United States Army, Cuba [1901] | Local Source

Slocum, Mrs. | Wife of Herbert Slocum, Cuba [1901] | Local Source

Smart, Col. | Chief Surgeoncy of the Philippines [1902] | Local Source

Smiley, [s.n.] | Secretary of Wade Hampton Frost | Local Source

Smith, Austin | Physician; Editor of JAMA | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Smith, Austin, (1912- ).

Smith, George H. | General Passenger Agent, New Orleans & Northeastern Railroad Company; Alabama and Vicksburg Railway Company; Vicksburg, Shreveport, & Pacific Railway Company [1905] | Local Source

Smith, H. M. | Commissioner, United States Bureau of Fisheries, Department of Commerce [1919] | Local Source

Smith, Jackson | American associated with Panama Canal work [1908] | Local Source

Smith, Jno [John] H. | First name spelled “Jno.” Acting Executive Secretary, The Panama Canal, Canal Zone, Executive Department [1923] | Local Source

Smith, Louise F. | Co-President of FIM (Fundacion de Investigaciones Medicas) in Cuba [1952]; Also known as Mrs. Gilbert Smith | Local Source

Smith, Lucian | Physician, trained under Connor in Mexico [1924]; name may vary as Lucian C. Smith | Local Source

Smith, Luther Ely | Attorney and Counselor, Saint Louis, Missouri; friend of Jefferson Randolph Kean [1942] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Smith, Luther Ely, (1873-1951).

Smith, Samuel W. | (1852-1931) | United States Representative from Michigan (1891-1915) | Local Source

Smith, Theobald | Researcher, microbiologist; pioneer of American bacteriology; worked with ticks as transmitters of Texas fever; see: http://www.nerc.com/~tss/ and http://www.nerc.com/~tss/tedsmith.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Smith, Theobald, (1859-1934).

Smith, Theobald H. | SEE SMITH, THEOBALD |

Smith, William Alden | United States Representative from Michigan (1895-1907) | Full LC is: Smith, William Alden, (1859-1932).

Smith, William F. | Isthmian Canal Commission [1905] | Full name is William Fawcett Smith | Local Source

Smittle, Jack | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

[s.n.], Alex | SEE SETH, ALEXANDER |

[s.n.], Clarissa | Same as Mrs. Morgan Jones of New York City (?) | Local Source

[s.n.], Dick | Had case of experimental yellow fever in Carroll’s experiments [1901] | Local Source

[s.n.], Ellen | SEE COUSIN ELLEN |

[s.n.], Frances | SEE SETH, FRANCES B. |

[s.n.], Francis | SEE SETH, FRANCES B. |

[s.n.], George | SEE MILLER, GEORGE |

[s.n.], Gertrude | Maid/nanny for Jesse W. and Mable H. Lazear, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

[s.n.], Had | Friend of Philip Showalter Hench [1940] | Local Source

[s.n.], Jim | Acquaintance of Morris C. Leikind [1951] | Local Source

[s.n.], Lida | Friend or family member of Dr. and Mrs. Philip Showalter Hench [1941] | Local Source

[s.n.], Lytt | Distant relative of Jesse W. Lazear (?) | Local Source

[s.n.], Molly | SEE MILLER, MOLLY |

[s.n.], Myron | Cousin of Laura Carter [1931] | Local Source

[s.n.], Nellie | SEE HOUSTON, NELLIE |

[s.n.], Nicoll | Medical school classmate of Jesse W. Lazear, Edinburgh, Scotland [1890] | Local Source

[s.n.], Norris | Medical school classmate of Jesse W. Lazear, Edinburgh, Scotland [1890] | Local Source

[s.n.], Rannie | SEE KEAN, JEFFERSON RANDOLPH |

[s.n.], Sam | Uncle of Philip Showalter and Atcheson Laughlin Hench; Union Tanning Company, Greenbrier Tannery, Marlinton, West Virginia [1940] | Local Source

[s.n.], Sue | SEE EDMUNDSON, SUE |

[s.n.], Susie | Apache girl who lived with the Walter and Emilie Lawrence Reed (1878-1887/1890?) | Local Source

[s.n.], Victoria | Native American woman who accompanied Geronimo when chased by Fort Apache soldiers. | Local Source

Snidow, Herman W. | Director, Malaria Investigations [1916] | Local Source

Snow, John | (1813-1858) | Physician (epidemiology and anesthesiology); author; see: http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html and http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/snowinfo.htm | Local Source

Socorro, Ramon Gonzales | Sold land to the United States for Army cemetery near Camp Columbia | Local Source

Sonntag, Charles G. | (1872-1937) | United States Army Private; yellow fever volunteer; full name Charles Gustave Sonntag ; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

Sontag, [s.n.] | SEE SONNTAG, CHARLES G. |

Soper, Fred L. | Director of the Pan American Health Organization (known then as Pan American Sanitary Bureau) in 1947, 1950, and 1954; see: http://www.paho.org/English/PAHEF/soper.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Soper, Fred Lowe (1893-1977).

Sorenson, Harold | Major, Quartermaster Corps., United States Army [1919] | Local Source

Sosa, Antonio | Name of tennant from Rojas’ farm when Reed rented Camp Lazear land [1901] | Local Source

Sosa, Don Antonio | SEE SOSA, ANTONIO |

Sosa, [s.n.] | SEE SOSA, ANTONIO |

Souchon, Edmond I. | (1841-1924) | Physician; President of the Louisiana State Board of Health [late 1880's] | Local Source

South Carolina. Supreme Court. | Used as “author” for opinions, laws set in motion, etc.| Full LC Authority

Sparkman, S. M. | M. C. at Tampa, Florida [1901]; requested Reed’s “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” for all military posts in the South. | Local Source

Spielmacher, Earl | Staff Photographer, The Grand Rapids Camera Shop, Inc., Michigan [1940] | Local Source

Spies, Tom | SEE SPIES, TOM D. |

Spies, Tom D. | Physician; worked in United States and Cuba; involved with Camp Lazear [1951] | Local Source

Spinden, Herbert Joseph | Expert on Mayan history [1921] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Spinden, Herbert Joseph, (1879-1967).

Spooner, Mary L. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Spratling, [s.n.] | Worked with Gorgas in the Canal Zone [1905] | Local Source

Springer, Adolph F. | Played a minor role in Camp Lazear experiments [1900] | Local Source

St. Martin, Alexis | Patient with permanent hole in stomach; operated on by William Beaumont [1820's] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: St. Martin, Alexis, (1797?-1880).

Standlee, Mary | Historian, Army Medical Center [1951] | Local Source

Standlee, Mrs. Earle | SEE STANDLEE, MARY |

Standley, Frank | Office of the Special Assistant to the Secretary, The Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Government [1948] | Local Source

Stark, Alexander N. | Physician; United States Army Major [1900] | full name is Stark, Alexander Newton | Local Source

Stark, Alexander Newton | SEE STARK, ALEXANDER N. |

Stark, Mary | Wife of Alexander N. Stark | Local Source

Stark, Mrs. Alexander Newton | SEE STARK, MARY |

Stark, Mrs. | SEE STARK, MARY |

Stelle, [s.n.] | Assisted Mr. Norton, Ambulance Service Unit, France [1917] | Local Source

Stephens, J. W. W. | Held the Alfred Jones and Warrington Yorke Chair of Tropical Medicine at the University of Liverpool (1913-1928); referred to by Carter as “Stevens.” | Full name is Stephens, John William Watson.

Sternberg, George Miller | Physician; Surgeon General of the United States Army (1893-1902); Member of the Yellow Fever Commission; see http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/tsgs/Sternberg.htm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Sternberg, George Miller, (1838-1915).

Sternberg, Martha L. | Wife of George Miller Sternberg. Co-authored a biography of George Miller Sternberg [1920] | Full LC is: Sternberg, Martha L.

Sternberg, Mrs. | SEE STERNBERG, MARTHA L. |

Stevens, J. W. W. | SEE STEPHENS, J. W. W. |

Stevens, John F. | One of the Chief Engineers in the Panama Canal Zone; see biography at: http://www.czbrats.com/Builders/stevens.htm and http://designbuild.construction.com/MasterBuilders/0801MB.asp | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Stevens, John F. (John Frank), (1853-1943).

Stewart, A. A. | Captain, Quartermaster Corps. [1918] | Local Source

Stewart, C. Morton | President of the Trustees, Johns Hopkins University [1897] | Local Source

Stewart, N. P. | Physician; provided criticism of Howard A. Kelly’s book, Walter Reed and Yellow Fever. [1907] | Local Source

Stewart, P. M. | Public Health Service, Treasury Department, United States [1925] | Local Source

Stewart, W. B. | SEE STEWART, W. BRANKS |

Stewart, W. Branks | Director/Head, Department of Medical Art and Photography, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University [1941]; name varies as W. B. Stewart | Local Source

Stiles, Charles W. | SEE STILES, CHARLES WARDELL |

Stiles, Charles Wardell | Parasitologist; Assistant Surgeon General; Stiles and Albert Hassall founded the United States National Parasite Collection in 1892 (see: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/systematics/animalpar.htm); professor of helminthology at the Army Medical School in 1898; “a Leader in the Fight to Eradicate the Hookworm” (see: http://voteview.uh.edu/entrejdr.htm (go to bottom of page) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Stiles, Charles Wardell, (1867-1941).

Stiles, Virginia | Friend of Laura Carter [1925] | Local Source

Stimpson, W. G. | Physician; Acting Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service [1915], Treasury Department, Office of the Surgeon General | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Stimpson, W. G. (William Gordon), (1865-1940).

Stimson, A. M. | Assistant Surgeon General [1923] | Local Source

Stirling, H. V. | Director of Finance, Veteran’s Administration [1937] | Local Source

Stitt, Admiral | SEE STITT, EDWARD R. |

Stitt, Edward R. | Admiral, United States Navy; married Laura Armistead Carter; Surgeon General of Navy; associated with Gorgas; full name is Edward Rhodes Stitt; United States Naval Hospital Library is named after Edward Rhodes Stitt; received an honorary degree from the University of Pennsylvania | Local Source

Stitt, Mrs. E. R. | SEE CARTER, LAURA ARMISTEAD |

Stokes, Adrian | Physician; yellow fever research in West Africa for the Rockefeller Foundation [1928] | Local Source

Stone, [s.n.] | Captain; Post Surgeon, Santa Clara, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Strandlee, Mrs. | SEE STANDLEE, MARY |

Straub, [s.n.] | Worked with Gorgas in the Canal Zone [1905] | Local Source

Streit, Paul H. | Physician and Major General, United States Army Medical Department; Armstrong recommended him to be the United States representative for the Camp Lazear ceremonies; Commanding General of the Walter Reed Hospital [1952] | Local Source

Strobel, Benjamin B. | Researcher on yellow fever in South Carolina (1838-1839); see: http://www.keyshistory.org/IK-BB-Strobel.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Strobel, Benjamin B., (1803-1849).

Strobel, [s.n.] | SEE STROBEL, BENJAMIN B. |

Strode, George K. | Director of International Health Division, Rockefeller Foundation [1952]; wrote abook on yellow fever which Philip Showalter Hench declined to review | Local Source

Strong, Richard A. | Department of Tropical Medicine, Harvard University Medical School [1925] | Local Source

Stubbs, A.R. | Member, Mexican yellow fever campaign [1920's?] | Local Source

Sturgis, Dr. | Physician, United States Army Medical Corps, Camp Columbia, Cuba [1899] | Local Source

Sturgis, Helen M. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Also known as Mrs. Purdy H. Sturgis | Local Source

Sturgis, Mrs. | Wife of Dr. Sturgis | Local Source

Suarez, Peter W. | American liason to have Biography of Doctor Carlos J. Finlay, by Francisco Dominguez [Roldan], published in the United States [1942] | Local Source

Suarez-Solis, Angel | Owner of house thought to have housed yellow fever victims seen by Dr.Finlay [1940] | Local Source

Suarez, Varona | Physician; associated with the Cuban government [1912] | Local Source

Sueido, [s.n.] | Yellow fever case in Havana [1908] | Local Source

Sullivan, Mark | Author; American historian; author of Our Times: The United States, 1900-1925 which includes a chapter on Gorgas and yellow fever [1926] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Sullivan, Mark, (1874-1952).

Sullivan, [s.n.] | Yellow fever patient of Lambert’s [1900] | Local Source

Superintendent of Walter Reed Hospital | Tacoma Park, Washington, D.C. [1922] | Local Source

Susie | SEE [s. n.], SUSIE |

Sutherland, Charles | (1829-1895) | Physician, Surgeon General of the United States Army (1890-1893); See: http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/tsgs/Sutherland.htm | Local Source

Sutter, Georgia S. | President, Women’s Auxiliary of Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pennsylvania [1940]; also known as Mrs. Carleton A. Sutter | Local Source

Sutton, J. V. | Chief Claim Agent, Southern Power Company [1921]; Wateree Power Company, Charlotte, North Carolina [1922] | Local Source

Sweeney, Ray | Provided a report on Reed’s presentation in Indianapolis of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.” [1948] | Local Source

Sweet, E. A. | Office of Medical Officer in Charge, Honolulu Quarantine, Treasury Department, United States Public Health Service [1923] | Local Source

Sweitzer, Charlotte C. | Mother of Jesse W. Lazear; full name is Charlotte Clayland Pettigrew Lazear Sweitzer | Local Source | SEE ALSO LAZEAR, CHARLOTTE C. |

Sweitzer, Mrs. | SEE SWEITZER, CHARLOTTE C. |

Symons, Lt. | Friend of Walter Reed at Willet’s Point, New York [1875] | Local Source

Taft, Secretary | SEE TAFT, WILLIAM H. |

Taft, [s.n.] | SEE TAFT, WILLIAM H. |

Taft, William H. | United States Secretary of War (1904-1908) and President of the United States | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Taft, William H. (William Howard), (1857-1930).

Tamayo, Diego | Secretary of the Interior, Cuba [1902] | Local Source

Tansey, William A. | Physician, Newark, New Jersey [1929] | Local Source

Tapia, Luis G. | Physician, yellow fever campaign, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Tasker, A. N. | Major, Medical Corps, United States Army; Army Medical Museum and Library, Office of the Surgeon General, War Department, Washington, D.C. [1922] | Local Source

Tate, Paul L. | Clerk, Columbia Barracks Hospital (1900-1901) | Local Source

Taylor, Edward T. | United States Representative from Colorado (1909-1940); gave a speech on William Crawford Gorgas [1928] | Full LC is: Taylor, Edward T. (Edward Thomas), (1858-1941).

Taylor, John R. | Las Animas Hospital clerk; yellow fever volunteer [1900] | Local Source

Taylor, [s.n.] | SEE TAYLOR, JOHN R. |

Teeter, E. A. | Private; orderly for the Chief Surgeon, Hospital Corps.; contracted yellow fever [June, 1900] | Also known as E. Albert Teeter. | Local Source

Teller, Henry | United States Senator from Colorado (1876-1882; 1885-1897; 1897-1901; 1901-1909) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Teller, Henry Moore, (1830-1914).

Teller, Senator | SEE TELLER, HENRY |

Templeton, Alexander M. | Lawyer; Washington, Pennsylvania [1927] | Local Source

Thayer, Dr. | SEE THAYER, WILLIAM S. |

Thayer, W. S. | SEE THAYER, WILLIAM S. |

Thayer, William S. | Physician at Johns Hopkins; Visited L. O. Howard in 1900 as did Jesse W. Lazear; Wrote “Medical Ethics: a lecture to the Fourth Year Class of the Johns Hopkins Medical School,” May 27, 1929; see:http://www.med.jhu.edu/medarchives/sgml/thayer.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Thayer, William Sydney, (1864-1932).

Theobald, F. V. |(1868-1930)| British scientist; wrote the authoritative text on the different species of mosquitoes [1900] | Local Source

Thibault, Henry | Physician from Arkansas; investigated malaria paraisites [1923] | Local Source

Thomas, G. W. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Thomas, John | Public health worker, Peru [1921] | Local Source

Thomas, John N. | Acting Assistant Surgeon, Havana, Cuba [1908]; experimented with pryethrum for exterminating mosquitoes (?) | Local Source

Thomas, Pride J. | Physician, Wilmington, North Carolina; full name is Pride Jones Thomas [1905] | Local Source

Thomases, Jerome | Employee of the Office of the Records of the War Department [1942] | Local Source

Thomason, H. D. | Captain, United States Army Medical Corps; Special Commissioner, Sanitary Department of Santiago, Cuba [1908] | more complete name is Henry D. Thomason | Local Source

Thompson, Rudolph E. | Provided public health engineering abstracts for the Bureau of the Public Health Service [1924] | Local Source

Thorpe, J. E. S. | General Superintendant, Tallahassee Power Company; first President of Nantahala Power Plant, opened in 1941; full name is John Edward Stirling Thorpe; (see: http://www.nantahalapower.com/glenville.html) | Local Source

Thurlow, Oscar G. | Design Engineer, Alabama Power Company [1915]; letters mostly indicate OGT, signature unclear but looks like Thurlow and Thurlow is referenced in letter number 01110001; | Local Source

Thurlow, [s.n.] | SEE THURLOW, OSCAR G. |

Tidel, Alton P. | SEE TISDEL, ALTON P. |

Tilden, Evelyn B. | Secretary to Hideyo Noguchi [1923] | Local Source

Tillery, P. A. | Assistant General Manager, Carolina Power & Light Company, Raleigh, North Carolina [1915] | Local Source

Tillisch, Jan H. | Physician; Clinical Section, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. [1948] | Local Source

Tilson, John Q. | United States Representative from Connecticut and Floor Leader (1925-1931) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Tilson, John O. (John Quillin), (1866-1958).

Tingle, Jedediah | “The American Trust Company,” Brooklyn, New York [1927] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Tingle, Jedediah, (1862-1928).

Tisdel, Alton P. | Superintendant of Documents, United States Government Printing Office [1937] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Tisdel, Alton P., (1879-1945).

Tisdell, Alton P. | SEE TISDEL, ALTON P. |

Tocantins, Leandro M. | Represented Jefferson Medical College at the dedication of Camp Lazear [1953] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Tocantins, Leandro M. (Leandro Maues), (1901-1963).

Tocantins, Leonardo | SEE TOCANTINS, LEANDRO M. |

Toepper, C. G. | Librarian and Military Officer; Assistant to the Librarian, Army Medical Library, War Department [1940] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Toepper, C. G. (Charles G.), (1874-1942).

Torbett, J. W. | Physician; see: http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/TT/fto48.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Torbett, J. W. (John Walter), (1871-1949).

Torney | SEE TORNEY, GEORGE H. |

Torney, Dr. | SEE TORNEY, GEORGE H. |

Torney, George H. | (1850-1913) | Physician; United States Army Surgeon General (1909-1913); full name is George Henry Torney; see: http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/history/tsgs/Torney.htm | Local Source

Townsend, Carolyn | Friend of Laura Carter [1928] | Local Source

Tracey, Augustus | A private in the United States Army, requested by Reed to assist him in Cuba in the care of laboratory animals [1900]; see:http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/collections/archives/asearch/afinding_aids/curatorialn/curatorialn.pdf | Local Source

Trask, Assistant Surgeon General | SEE TRASK, JOHN W. |

Trask, John W. | Assistant Surgeon General [1916] | Local Source

Trout, Hugh H. | Physician; Surgical Department, Jefferson Hospital, Roanoke, Virginia; name varies as Hugh H. Trout, Sr. | Local Source

Truby, Albert E. | Officer, United States Army Medical Corps. Author of Memoir of Walter Reed: The Yellow Fever Episode. | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Truby, Albert E. (Albert Ernest), (1871-1954).

Truby, Barbara | Daughter of Albert E. and Bonnie Truby [1923] | Local Source

Truby, Bonnie | Wife of Albert E. Truby | Local Source

Truby, Elizabeth | Daughter of Albert E. and Bonnie Truby | Local Source

Truby, Jack | Son of Albert E. and Bonnie Truby | Local Source

Truby, Mrs. | SEE TRUBY, BONNIE |

Truman, Harry S. | President, United States (1945-1953) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Truman, Harry S., (1884-1972).

Turnbull, Harry | Cousin of Jesse W. Lazear [1897] | Local Source

Turner, Clair Elsmere | Associate Professor of Biology and Public Health, Massachusetts Institute of Technology | Full LC Authority is Turner, C. E. (Clair Elsmere), 1890-1974.

Turner, Thomas | Contracted yellow fever in Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Turner, Wm. | Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh| Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Turner, Wm. (William), Sir, (1832-1916).

Tyler, Mrs. | Wrote “Recollections of Yellow Fever Epidemic” [1914] | Local Source

Ulio, J. A. | Adjutant General, United State Army [1919] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Ulio, James Alexander, (1882-1958).

Uma, Rev. Padre | Possible experimental yellow fever case produced during Carlos Finlay’s experiments | Local Source

Uncle Tom | SEE LAZEAR, THOMAS C. |

United States. Congress. House | Full LC Authority

United States. Congress. Senate | Full LC Authority

United States. Dept. of the Treasury | Used as “author” for general memos emanating from this office | Full LC Authority

United States. Public Health Service | Used as “author” for general memos emanating from this office | Full LC Authority

United States. Public Health Service. Office of Medical Officer in Charge | Used as “author” for general memos emanating from this office | Local Source

United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General | Used as “author” for general memos emanating from this office | Full LC Authority

University of Maryland | Academic Day Program Flyer [1908] | The College of Medicine, founded in Baltimore in 1807, was re-chartered in 1812 as the University of Maryland and as of 2002 is the University System of Maryland | Local Source

University of Maryland, School of Medicine | Used as Corporate Author | Full LC Authority is: University of Maryland at Baltimore, School of Medicine.

University of Virginia, School of Medicine | Used as Corporate Author | Full LC Authority is: University of Virginia. School of Medicine

Updegraff, Gertrude B. | Friend of Emilie Lawrence Reed [1931] | Local Source

Upshur, Alfred P. | Physician(?), Life Extension Institute, New York City, New York [1927] | Local Source

Usher, Robert J. | Librarian, The Howard Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University, New Orleans, Lousiana [1941] | Full LC Authority

Valderrama, Esteban | Painter of mural depicting Finlay, Reed, Lazear, and Carroll at a meeting | Local Source

Valdivieso, Julio | Physician, Bucaramanga, Columbia [1923]; assisted with yellow fever work | Local Source

Valentine, James W. | SEE BALENTINE, JAMES W. |

van Beuren, Jr., Frederick T. | Physician; Associate Dean, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons [1930] | Local Source

Van Ezdorf, [s.n.] | SEE VON EZDORF, RUDOLPH H. |

Van Scoy, Lela B. | Companion of Louise Wood at the Camp Lazear dedication | Local Source

Van Wesep, H. B. | Chief, Information Service, The Rockefeller Foundation [1930] | Local Source

Vanneril, Josens | Secretario Campala [1921] | Local Source

Vasconcelos, Angel Brioso | Mexican physician; Sub-director, Rockefeller Foundation-sponsored Mexican Yellow Fever Commission [1921] | Local Source

Vaughan, Annie | Sister to Emilie Lawrence Reed. Also known as Miss Annie, Mrs. Vaughan, Mrs. Annie Vaughan | Local Source

Vaughan, John N. | Relative/brother of Emilie Lawrence Reed; worked to get pension for Mrs. Reed [1903] | Local Source

Vaughan, John R. | SEE VAUGHAN, JOHN N. |

Vaughan, Mrs. | Possibly sister of Emilie Lawrence Reed | Local Source

Vaughan, Victor C. | Author of Experimental Studies on the Causation of Typhoid Fever with special reference to the outbreak at Iron Mountain, Mich.: Preliminary Report [1887]; Typhoid Fever Board | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Vaughan, Victor C. (Victor Clarence), (1851-1929).

Vaughn, Emmett I. | Physician with the Rockefeller Foundation-sponsored Mexican Yellow Fever Commission [1921] | Local Source

Vedder, [s.n.] | Associate editor of the National Cyclopedia of American Biography | Local Source

Vega, M. L. | Physician [1921] | Local Source

Veldee, M. V. | Assistant Surgeon, United States Public Health Service [1923] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Veldee, M. V. (Milton Victor), (1890- ).

Vequio, Antonio | Spanish yellow fever volunteer at Columbia Barracks, Cuba [1901] | Local Source

Veracruz, M. | Head of Mexican Yellow Fever Commission [1922] | Local Source

Vergara, Jose Randin | Physician, Havana, Cuba [1941] | Local Source

Vergne, Col. | French Army Medical Corps Peru [1921]; involved in yellow fever work | Local Source

Victoria | SEE [S.N.], VICTORIA |

Viets, Henry R. | Physician; Editor, Bulletin of the Medical Library Association | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Viets, Henry R. (Henry Rouse), (1890- ).

Vincent, George E. | President of the Rockefeller Foundation (1917-1929) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Vincent, George E. (George Edgar), (1864-1941).

Voegtlin, Carl | (1879-1960) | Pharmacologist; first Director of the National Cancer Institute [1938]; see: http://rex.nci.nih.gov/wlcm/NCI_History/html/voegtlin.htm | Local Source

Voegtlin, Silian | Wife of Carl Voegtlin | Local Source

Von Ezdorf, R. H. | SEE VON EZDORF, RUDOLPH H. |

Von Ezdorf, Rudolph H. | Physician; Assistant Surgeon in Cuba with yellow fever work [1903]; Surgeon, United States Marine Hospital [1915]; later did public health work in the United States | Local Source

W. A. Herron & Sons | Real estate agents, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [1899] | Local Source

Wainwright, J. Mayhew | SEE WAINWRIGHT, JONATHAN MAYHEW |

Wainwright, Jonathan Mayhew | (1864-1945) | United States Congressman for New York (1923-1923) | Local Source

Walcott, Alan | Physician; Rockefeller Foundation, yellow fever work in Africa [1922]; involved in yellow fever public health work (1921-1922) | Local Source

Walker, Admiral | SEE WALKER, JOHN G. |

Walker, J. Carter | Associated with Woodberry Forest School, Woodberry Forest, Virginia [1925] | Local Source

Walker, John G. |(1835-1907)| Rear Admiral of the Navy; Chairman, Isthmian Canal Commission [1905] | Local Source

Walker, John H. | Clerk for the United States Senate [1903] | Full LC Authority

Walker, Kenzie W. | Major General, Chief of Finance, War Department [1926] | Local Source

Wallace, Edward P. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Wallace, John Findley | Chief Engineer for the building of the Panama Canal [1904] | Full LC Authority is: Wallace, John Findley (1852-1921).

Wallace, [s.n.] | SEE WALLACE, JOHN FINDLEY |

Wallach, Sidney | Owned a public relations firm (“Sidney Wallach Associates” — Public Relations, Magazine Management, Campaign Publicity) that wanted to mount a Reed publicity campaign [1950] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Wallach, Sidney, (1905-1979).

Walsh, David I. | United States Senator for Massachusetts (1919-1925 and 1926-1947) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Walsh, David I. (David Ignatius), (1872-1947).

Walsh, [s.n.] | SEE WALSH, DAVID I. |

Walsh, Th. J. | SEE WALSH, THOMAS JAMES |

Walsh, Thomas James | United States Senator from Montana (1913-1933) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Walsh, Thomas James, (1859-1933).

Walter Reed Memorial Association | Corporate author of documents concerning Walter Reed and his work (1902?); variant form: The Walter Reed Memorial Association | Local Source

Wanstrom, R. C. | Physician/Researcher; wrote “Occurrence and Staining of Leptospira Icteroids in Guinea-Pigs Inoculated Experimentally” [1924] | Local Source

Ward, George S. | Private, United States Army; volunteer in James Carroll’s typhoid experiment [1904] | Local Source

Waring, Col. | United States Army in Cuba; Head of the Sanitary Department of New York City; died of yellow fever [1898] | Local Source

Warner, Lena | SEE WARNER, LENA A. |

Warner, Lena A. | (1869-1948) | Nurse with the Yellow Fever Commission work in Cuba [1902] | Local Source

Warren, A. J. | Physician; Director of the Rockefeller Foundation [1952] | Local Source

Warren, Francis E. | United States Senator from Wyoming (1890-1893 and 1895-1929) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Warren, Francis E. (Francis Emroy), (1844-1929).

Warthen, Harry J. | Physician; Chairman, Section on the History of Medicine, Richmond Academy of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia [1951] | Local Source

Wasdin, Dr. | SEE WASDIN, EUGENE |

Wasdin, Eugene | Researcher; United States Public Health Service, studied Sanarelli’s bacillus, [1889] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Wasdin, Eugene, (1869-1911).

Wasdin, [s.n.] | SEE WASDIN, EUGENE |

Washburn, Benjamin E. | Wrote historical account of yellow fever in Jamaica [1923] | Full LC is: Washburn, Benjamin Earle, (1885- ).

Washington, George | United States President (1789-1797); see biographical information at: http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/gwashington.asp and http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gw1.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Washington, George, (1732-1799).

Waters, James F. | Author, The Court of Missing Heirs, Radio Program, New York City, New York [1941] | Local Source

Watson, Dr. | Female physician of Laura Armistead | Local Source

Watson, James E. | United States Representative to Congress from Indiana (1895-1897 and 1899-1909); United States Senator from Indiana (1916-1933). | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Watson, James E. (James Eli), (1864-1948).

Watson, Malcolm | (1873-1955) | Physician, concerned about sanitation and yellow fever in Africa; wrote: African Highway: The Battle for Health in Central Africa. Watson, Sir M. [1953] | Local Source

Watson, R. A. | Lobbied for a pension for Mabel H. Lazear [1907] | Local Source

Watson, Roy | President and General Manager, The Kahler Corporation, Rochester, Minnesota [1951] | Local Source

Weatherwalk, Edward | SEE WEATHERWALKS, EDWARD |

Weatherwalks, Edward | (1874-1916) | United States Army Private; yellow fever volunteer; Congressional gold medal recipient [1900] | Local Source

Weatherwalks, Lucy | Wife of Edward Weatherwalks | Local Source

Weaver, Daniel Witwer | Physician; wrote a book “Medicine as Vocation” [1915] | Local Source

Webster, R. S. | SEE WEBSTER, ROYAL S. |

Webster, Royal .S. | Divisional Engineer, Havana Railroad Division [1940] | Local Source

Weckerly, C. A. | Geological draftsman with the Arkansas Geological Survey [1926] | Local Source

Weedon, Leslie W. | Physician, Tampa, Florida [1919]; wrote to Carter for advice on yellow fever prevention in the early 1900′s. | Local Source

Welch, S. W. | Physician; Alabama State Health Officer [1922] | Local Source

Welch, William | SEE WELCH, WILLIAM H. |

Welch, William H. | Physician; associated with yellow fever heroes bill; Johns Hopkins professor and was also on the Rockefeller International Health Board | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Welch, William Henry, (1850-1934).

Wellcome, Henry S. | Involved with the history of medicine and medical research | Full LC Authority is: Wellcome, Henry S. (Henry Solomon), Sir, (1853-1936).

Welles, Thomas | Acting Chief, Latin American Division, Secretary of State, Department of State, Washington, D. C. [1920] | Local Source

Wells, Lt. | Officer, United States Army, Cuba [1901] | Local Source

Wells, Sumner | United States Under Secretary of State (1937-1943) | Local Source

Welsh, Dr. | SEE WELCH, S. W. |

Welsh, S.W. | SEE WELCH, S. W. |

Wertenbaker, [s.n.] | SEE WERTENBAKER, WILLIAM |

Wertenbaker, William | Librarian, University of Virginia (1826-1831, 1835-1857, 1865-1881); Librarian emeritus (1881-1882) | Authority from Alderman Library, the University of Virginia: Wertenbaker, William, (1797-1882).

West, Clyde L. | (1877-1943) | United States Army Private; yellow fever volunteer[1900]; full name Clyde Llewellyn West; Congressional gold medal recipient | Local Source

West, James E. | Chief Scout Executive, Headquarters National Council, Boy Scouts of America, New York City, New York [1919] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: West, James E. (James Edward), (1876-1948).

West, Olin. | Physician; Secretary, American Medical Association [1925] | Full LC Authority

Westcott, Mrs. George T. | Wife of George T. Westcott who was a patient of Henry Rose Carter in Baltimore, Maryland [1918] | Local Source

Wetherspoon, W. W. | Brigadier General; served with Dorsey M. McPherson [1879] | Local Source

Wheeler, Helen | Librarian, Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins University [1940] | Local Source

Wheeler, [s.n.] | Health Officer of Colon, Panama [1905] | Local Source

Wheldon, John | Public Relations Division, New York University, Bellevue Medical Center, New York City, New York [1951] | Local Source

Whipple, George C. | Professor, Sanitary Engineering [1919] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Whipple, George Chandler, (1866-1924).

White, Charles S. | Physician, Washington, D.C.; Full name is Charles Stanley White [1942] | Local Source

White, Christine | Wife of Thomas J. White [1931] | Local Source

White, Dr. | SEE WHITE, JOSEPH H. |

White, Joseph H. | Doctor; In Public Health Service, New Orleans [1903]; Chief of the Yellow Fever Council [1923] | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: White, Joseph H. (Joseph Henry), (1855-19??).

White, R. O. | Physician [1923] | Local Source

White, Thomas J. | Possible distant cousin of Walter Reed; grandfather of Helen Crone Nolte [1931] | Local Source

White, W. C. | SEE WHITE, WILLIAM CURTIS |

White, Wilbert W. | President, Bible Teachers Training School, New York City, New York [1908] | Local Source

White, William Curtis | Acquantance of Henry Rose Carter [1925] | Local Source

Whitebread, Charles | Assistant Curator, Division of Medicine, Smithsonian Instititution, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. [1926] | Local Source

Whitmore, Eugene R. | Physician, Army Medical School, Washington, D.C. [1917] | Local Source

Whittaker, Ralph R. | SEE WHITTAKER, RALPH ROHRER |

Whittaker, Ralph Rohrer | Author of “Unsung Heroes” [1932] | Local Source

Whyte, Pinckney | SEE WHYTE, WILLIAM PINKNEY |

Whyte, William Pinkney | United States Senator from Maryland (1868-1869; 1875-1881; 1906-1908); see: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000435 | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Whyte, William Pinkney, (1824-1908).

Wilbur, Ray Lyman | United States Secretary of the Interior (1929-1933) under President Harding | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Wilbur, Ray Lyman, (1875-1949).

Wilbur, [s.n.] | SEE WILBUR, RAY LYMAN |

Wilder, Sarah Hinds | Husband died of yellow fever in Havana [1900] | Local Source

Williams, Col. | Colonel, United States Army, Cuba; died of yellow fever [1898] | Local Source

Williams, Jr., Gertrude L. | Wife of Louis L. Williams, Jr.; friend of Laura Armistead Carter [1920] | Local Source

Williams, Jr., L. L. | SEE WILLIAMS, JR., LOUIS L. |

Williams, Jr., Louis L. | United States Public Health Service, Treasury Department [1920] Anti-malaria work in Virginia [1920's] | Local Source

Williams, Marian Walker | Physician, Johns Hopkins [1901] | Local Source

Williams, Master Sergeant | Employee of the Army War College [1947] | Local Source

Williamson, C. C. | Chief, Information Service, Rockefeller Foundation [1923] | Local Source

Williamson, John M. | Physician; Board of Health, City Hall, San Francisco, California [1902] | Local Source

Williamson, [s.n.] | Physician [1924] | Local Source

Willis, John M. | Colonel, Medical Corps, Carlisle Barracks, Medical Field Service School [1941] | Full LC Authority

Willson, Chat Hill | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Willson, L. E. | Major, Warehousing Division [1918] | Local Source

Wilmot, F. M. | Secretary for the Carnegie Hero Commission [1908] | Local Source

Wilson, Alexander M. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Wilson, Jennie | Acquainted with the Kissingers [1907] | Local Source

Wilson, Jr., Robert | Provided a report on the correlation of the cutting of timber in swamps and the prevalence of malaria, South Carolina [1916] | Local Source

Wilson, Louis B. | Director Emeritus of Mayo Foundation; knew Reed in the 1890′s | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Wilson, Louis B. (Louis Blanchard), (1866-1943).

Wilson, W. F. | Physician, Lake City, Minnesota [1941] | Local Source

Wingate, George W. | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Winter, Francis A. | Colonel, United States Army | Local Source

Winter, [s.n.] | Chief Surgeon, Line of Communications, United States Army Medical Corps, France; might be the same as Francis A. Winter | Local Source

Wise, James | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Full name is James Waterman Wise | Local Source

Wise, Justine Dorothy | Contributor to the Kissinger Relief Fund [1907] | Local Source

Withington, D. J. | Advertising Manager, John Wyeth & Brother, Inc., Manufacturing Chemists, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [1941] | Local Source

Wolcott, Dr. | SEE WALCOTT, ALAN |

Woldert, Albert | Physician; worked with mosquitoes | See: http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/WW/fwo46.html | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Woldert, Albert, (1867-1959).

Wolfert, Dr. | SEE WOLDERT, ALBERT |

Woltman, Henry W. | (1889-1964) | Physician; neurologist, Associate Professor at the Mayo Clinic [1927]; Award for Superior Performance in Clinical Neurology named after Henry W. Woltman, Mayo Foundation [1973] | Local Source

Wood, Frances | The Grand Rapids Public Library, Michigan [1940] | Local Source

Wood, H. R. | Master, American Schooner “William E. Burnham,” mobile quarantine [1922] | Local Source

Wood, Laura | SEE ROPER, LAURA WOOD |

Wood, Leonard | Major General; Governor of the Moro Province of the Philippines (1903-1906) and Governor General of the Philippines (1921-1927). See: http://www.sacklunch.net/biography/W/LeonardWood.html http://www.armyhistoryfnd.org/armyhist/research/detail2.cfm?webpage_id=72&page_type_id=3 | LC Authority: Wood, Leonard, (1860-1927).

Wood, Louise Adriana | (1869-1943) | Wife of Leonard Wood | Local Source

Wood, Louise Barbara | Daughter of Leonard Wood; attended the dedication of Camp Lazear National Monument [1953] | Local Source

Wood, Mrs. | SEE WOOD, LOUISE ADRIANA |

Wood, O. E. | Chief Commissary Officer, Havana, Cuba [1900] | Local Source

Wood, V. E. | SEE WOOD, O. E. |

Wood, William A. | Acting Chief, Division of Public Liaison, State Department, United States Government, Washington, D.C. [1950] | Local Source

Woodfall, H. C. | Director, Georgia Board of Health [1921] | Local Source

Woodring, Harry H. | SEE WOODRING, HARRY HINES |

Woodring, Harry Hines |United States Secretary of War, Roosevelt’s Cabinet | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Woodring, Harry Hines, (1887-1967).

Woods, Archie S. | Vice President, The John and Mary R. Markle Foundation, New York City [1940] | Local Source

Woods, J. G. | Acquaintance of James E. Peabody; Massachusetts [1935] | Local Source

Woodward, L. O. | Physician on the S. S. Saramacca [1923] | Local Source

Woodward, Robert F. | (1908-2001) | Acting Assistant Secretary for the Inter-American Affairs, Department of State [1954] | Local Source

Worden, Jr., John E. | Public Information Officer, Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C. [1951] | Local Source

Wormley, Dr. | Sold the Lazear-Reed notebook to the New York Academy of Medicine [1942] | Local Source

Wranek, Jr., William H. | Director, University News Service, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia [1947]; Full name is William Hillman (1895-1971) according to Special Collections, Alderman Library, University of Virginia | Local Source

Wratten, Bessie C. | Acquaintance of Blossom Reed, Mt. Vernon, Alabama; wife of George M.Wratten. | Full name is Bessie Cannon Wratten; also known as Mrs. George M. Wratten [1912] | Local Source

Wratten, George M. | Friend of the Reeds; provided North American Indian translations for Emilie Lawrence Reed [1912] | Local Source

Wright, Boykin | Lawyer, Augusta, Georgia [1915] | Local Source

Wright, Boykin, Jr. | Lawyer, Augusta, Georgia [1915] | Local Source

Wright, Irving S. | Physician; medical researcher; Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation Award, 1960: Karl Paul Link, Ph.D.; Irving S. Wright, M.D.; and Edgar V. Allen, M.D. Joint award for pioneering the development and use of anticoagulant drugs; see: http://www.laskerfoundation.org/library/prev2.html). | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Wright, Irving S. (Irving Sherwood), (1901-1997 ).

Wrightson, Maj. | SEE WRIGHTSON, WILLIAM D. |

Wrightson, Mrs. W. D. | Daughter of William and Marie Gorgas | Local Source

Wrightson, William D. | Physician and Major United States Army [Medical Corps?], Washington, [1917]; Member of the Rockefeller Foundation’s International Health Board Yellow Fever Commission [1916]; was also with the United States Sanitary Corps; husband of Mrs. W. D. Wrightson | Local Source

Wyeth, John |(1834–1907)| Founder of a small drugstore, John Wyeth and Brother, that is now a leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology company [1864] Local Source

Wylie, H. Boyd | Physician; Dean of the University of Maryland School of Medicine [1952] | Local Source

Wyllie, John Cook | Librarian; Curator of Rare Books, Alderman Library [1947]; Director, University of Virginia Libraries | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Wyllie, John Cook, (1908-1968).

Wyman, Walter | United States Surgeon General of the Public Health Service (1891-1911) | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Wyman, Walter, (1848-1911).

Wythe, George | Virginia lawyer and professor of law; see biographical information at: http://www.history.org/Almanack/people/bios/biowythe.cfm | Partial LC Authority; Full LC is: Wythe, George, (1726-1806).

Xavier, A. F. | Consul General, Brazil [1901] | Local Source

Young & Sons | SEE HENRY YOUNG & SONS |

Young, John Orr | Wrote radio script of the Yellow Fever Commission; Advertising Executive | Local Source

Young, John T. | Volunteer, Camp Columbia [1900] | Local Source

Young, Mason | Father of Louise Young Kean | Local Source

Young, Mrs. Mason | Mother of Louise Young Kean [1899] | Local Source

Young, Tandy C. | Student, Tulsa, Oklahoma [1927] | Local Source

Young, William | Scottish pathologist; died of yellow fever in Africa [1928] | Local Source

Zunzunegui, Demetrio | Father of Julian; rented land from the Rojas family where Camp Lazear was located [1907] | Local Source

Zunzunegui Lopez, Julian | His family rented the land Camp Lazear was located on and lived in Building #1 (1907-1936) | Local Source

Zunzunegui, Mr. | SEE ZUNZUNEGUI LOPEZ, JULIAN |

The post Names in the Philip S. Hench Walter Reed Yellow Fever Collection appeared first on U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission.